England in 1635. They were passengers in the ship Abigail, Capt. Haxwell, which vessel sailed from London in the early part of August in that year, and arrived at Boston October 6 following. It is matter of conjecture, though there is reason for believing, that the Folgers came from Norwich in England. Dr. Benjamin Franklin, whose mother was a daughter of Peter Folger, made the genealogy of this family a subject of inquiry and research during his residence in London, and in a letter to his sister, dated in London, Jan. 13, 1772, he writes:

"No arms of the Folgers are found in the Heralds' Office. I am persuaded it was originally a Flemish family which came over with many others from that country in Queen Elizabeth's time, flying from the persecution then raging there."

There was a Richard Foulger living in Norwich, whose wife Susan was interred in 1665 in the south aisle of St. Swithin's Church in that city, where there is (or was) a stone to her memory. I shall be glad of any information respecting the origin and ancestry of the emigrant John Folger. J. J. LATTING.

64, Madison Avenue, New York, U.S.A.

THE CUIRASS OF THE LIFE GUARDS.-Although our soldiers had no such armour, they overcame the Cuirassiers at Waterloo, who wore it, thus showing it was of no benefit in a hand-to-hand contest, notwithstanding which, soon after the battle, some of the English cavalry were armed with it, and are so still. In 1833 Colonel Lygons was asked by a Committee of the House of Commons what was the cost of the newly introduced accoutrement. He answered, "I apprehend they cost nothing; they have been lying in the Tower for years, and were worn at the battle of Dettingen." Query, are they the same we see at the present day? GEORGE ELLIS.

CAMPBELL AND POLIGNAC.-The Prince de Polignac, ambassador in London in 1823, married in 1816 Barbara, daughter of Duncan Campbell, Esq. Where can I find any account of these Campbells, and what were their quarterings? CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Swallowfield Park, Reading.

THE REV. NATHANIEL HINDE, LL.B., in 1822 was Vicar of Shiffnall, Salop, Rector of Swinford Regis, Staffordshire, and Vicar of Boultonle-Fylde, in Lancashire. At none of these places can I ascertain where he died or if he left descendants. He married Sophia, the daughter of Sir Thomas Dalrymple Hesketh, Bart., of Rufford, in Lancashire. Reference to any surviving member of his family will oblige. He was, I believe, a Staffordshire man. H. FISHWICK.

The Heights, Rochdale.

"A SQUIRE OF MIDDLESEX."-In a description of an ancient minstrel who was brought before Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leicester, quoted but without reference, in Old Sports of England (C. Knight, 1845, pp. 82-4), I find the following words, the allusion in which I do not understand :"Under the gorget of his gown a fair flaggon chain......as a squire minstrel of Middlesex that travelled the country this summer season unto fair and worshipful men's houses." Why "a squire of Middlesex ? " E. WALFORD, M.A.

A GAME RELATED TO CHESS.-I possess an old board of ebony, the interior portion divided into 100 equal squares, 10 x 10, each alternate compartment composed of opaque and of transparent squares of amber. Under each of the alternating clearer squares are laid plates of brass foil, and the sunk back of the clear amber is beautifully engraved with French emblems and mottoes relating to love. For instance, on one is a seated Cupid, with his bow, and inscribed, "L'Amour trouve des moyens"; another has Cupid casting a net over birds, " Aucun ne s'échappera"; on another, an old light-tower with its burning cresset, "Il éclaire la mer et la terre"; Cupid firing at a heart on a column, "Je contrains les plus hautes"; the sun shining on a plant, "Sans toi je meurs." It appears designed for playing some game like chess. Can any of

Post Office Directory for 1848.-In list of ministry, "Charles Buller, Esq., jun., M.P., Q.C., Advocate General and Judge Martial."

General."

Annual Register for 1846, "Gazette Promotions," p. 325.- July 8, Charles Buller, Esq., to be Advocate Annual Register for 1847, "Gazette Promotions," 291.-"13 Dec., Charles Buller, Esq., to be a Poor Law Commissioner for England."

Annual Register for 1848, p. 271 (appendix to "Chronicle"). Obituary, Nov. 28.-"In Chester Place, Chester Square, in his 42nd year, the Right Hone Charles Buller, a Privy Councillor, President of the Poor Law Commission, a Queen's Counsel, and M.P. for Liskeard. On July 22, 1847, was sworn of the Privy Council." Haydn's Book of Dignities, pp. 145-6.-List of Privy Councillors made in 1846, 1817, and 1848, name does not appear.-I., p. 203: 1846, 14 July. Judge Advocate General, Charles Buller, afterwards Chief Poor Law Commissioner."

Gentleman's Magazine for January, 1849, p. 86.Copious obituary notice. The writer states that Buller refused the honour of being a Privy Councillor as likely to interfere with his legal practice, but that he afterwards withdrew it, and was sworn accordingly. A year or two anterior Stuart-Wortley did the same.

Mr. Matchwick has also sent me the results of a search at the Council, which settles the point conclusively that C. Buller was not a Right Honourable :

Searched the official MS. lists of Privy Councillors for the years 1846, 1847. and 1848, at the Council Office,

Whitehall. Charles Buller's name is not entered.

Also examined the MS. minutes of the Privy Council held on July 22, 1847. Two Privy Councillors were sworn at that sitting. Charles Buller not sworn.

HENRY COLE.

96, Philbeach Gardens, S.W. Mr. Cates is wrong in stating that Buller was sworn of the Privy Council in July, 1849. Unless the Council was held in the Elysian fields, or some equally unearthly region, it would have been difficult to swear him then, seeing that he died November 28, 1848. The date of his admission to the Privy Council was July 22, 1847, at which time he held the office of Judge Advocate General.

The only comparatively recent list of Privy Councillors that I know is that in Haydn's Book of Dignities, coming down to 1850, which has some omissions and errors. By some accident Buller's name is left out. I have a MS. list, compiled from the London Gazette and various other sources, which I believe to be perfect, from the Restoration to the present time.

Preston.

ALFRED B. BEAVEN, M.A.

ENGLISH FIFTEENTH CENTURY ROOD SCREENS (Gth S. iv. 247).-SIGMA should procure Talbot Bury's Remains of Ecclesiastical Woodwork (Batsford, 52, High Holborn). He will find therein measured drawings and sections of some good fifteenth century rood screens, particularly those of Lavenham, Suffolk; Brigstock, Northamptonshire; Aldenham, Hertfordshire; and Berkhampstead in the same county. He will also see in the same book pleasant details of excellent stall work of the same date at Bridgwater, Westonzoyland, and Bishops Lydeard, all churches in Somersetshire; at Lavenham and St. Mary's, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Wantage, Berkshire; Swinbrook, Oxfordshire ; and Cobham, Kent. The Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society published in 1869 a number of measured illustrations of Barton's Turf rood In screen, another good fifteenth century one. Parker's Glossary of Architecture a number of chancel screens having rood lofts are mentioned, viz., Long Sutton, Kingsbury Episcopi, Barnwell, Dunster, Timbercombe, Minehead, and Winsham, in Somersetshire; Newark, Notts; Charltonon-Otmoor and Wormleighton, Warwickshire; Flamsted, Hertfordshire; Uffendon, Bradninch, Collumpton, Dartmouth, Kenton, Plymptree, and Hartland, Devon.

SIGMA asks questions which, if entered into fully, would require more space than "N. & Q.” could afford. The subject is a very wide one. It is twenty-one years since I toiled with reverential care in restoring the grand old rood and parclose screens and stalls (all fifteenth century work) at Ecclesfield Church, Yorkshire. Equally fine are the screens of the same date, and the stall work generally (especially in Archbishop Rotherham's Chapel), in the neighbouring parish church of Rotherham. At this church I have been engaged during the present year. During the score of years' interval the fifteenth century screens with whose restoration various architects have entrusted me are more numerous than one can readily mention. I think with fond remembrance, however, particularly of that at Higham Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, which, with its parcloses, stalls, and unique vestries, I renovated, under the late Mr. Slater, eighteen or nineteen years ago. The screen in the Saxon towered church of Earl's Barton, hard by, is another; Rodmersham, in Kent, and Walkern, in Herts, supply others; Dunster, with its sixty odd feet of unbroken groined work, and Bicknoller, also in Somersetshire, must be added to the list of those I have been engaged upon. At Pinhoe, Staverton, Poltimore, Honiton, Willand, and in other places in Devonshire, I have restored good fifteenth century rood screens. Of these, that of St. Michael's, Honiton, is by far the finest. It is forty-three feet, or thereabouts, long; it is groined upon both sides; its parcloses are good also.

There are very few rood screens in Cornwall. I saw the remains of what was once a fine one at Lanivet, near Bodmin, a few days ago; and at Sancreed, some half-dozen miles from Land's End, the remnants of a curious rood screen yet remain. The handsomest rood screen in all the Cornish land is at St. Ewe, a church six miles from St. Austell. Acting under the instructions of Mr. James Piers St. Aubyn, I have just completed the renovation and lengthening of this beautiful specimen of fifteenth century woodwork. In style it is much like the Devon and Somersetshire screens, but there are a character and an individuality in its work for all that which stamp it as clearly the effort of a western artist. No old rood screens in this country are constructed of iron; I know of several which have been utilized as organ lofts. The finest rood screen of stone in the west country, probably in England-I am speaking especially of parish churches-is at St. Mary's, Totnes, in Devon. It is made of stone from the ancient quarries of Beer. Most of our existing screens are of wood-stone is a rare treatment-and as a rule the woodwork belongs to the fifteenth century. There is comparatively very little "Decorated" (by which I mean fourteenth century) work to be found. The most magnificent specimen is the superb bishop's throne in Exeter Cathedral. It is of oak, and is the most superb throne in the world. Still less of Early English (thirteenth century) woodwork exists. Bishop Bluere's fifty miserere seats in the same cathedral are the most perfect and far the most interesting examples extant. Of work of the preceding century (twelfth) we have nothing. I venture my firm opinion that no specimen of Norman woodwork exists in England. I shall be very interested indeed if any one can refute this statement and quote an example. HARRY HEMS. Exeter.

SIGMA will find many good drawings, together with sections and full-sized details of rood screens, both of wood and stone, in the Spring Gardens Sketch-Book. He will also find in the same work illustrations of stall work and canopies.

ALBERT HARTSHORNE.

THE WORD "INTELLECTUAL" (6th S. iv. 248).— Although I have not found any quotation that would satisfy A. H. B., I am inclined to think that his friend puts too restricted a meaning on the word. Crabb's Dictionary of Synonyms has often given me a nice distinction between two words very similar to one another; and there, s.v. 'Mental," will be found a comparison between that word and intellectual. Siightly abridged, what is there said amounts to this :

"Mind comprehends the thinking faculty in general with all its operations; the intellect includes only that part of it which consists in understanding and judgment:

mental is, therefore, opposed to corporeal; intellectual is opposed to sensual or physical: mental exertions are not the lot of comparatively few. Objects, pleasures, pains, to be expected from all; intellectual enjoyments fall to operations, gifts, &c., are denominated mental; subjects, conversation, pursuits and the like, are entitled intellectual. It is not always easy to distinguish our mental pleasures from those corporeal pleasures which we enjoy in common with the brutes; the latter are, however, greatly heightened by the former in whatever degree they are blended; in a society of well-informed persons the conversation will turn principally on intellectual subjects."

Johnson also gives ideal as the last meaning of intellectual, and that appears to me to take it beyond the restriction which the friend of A. H. B. would impose upon it. GIBBES RIGAUD. 18, Long Wall, Oxford.

of cultured before 1860, when Tyndall, Glaciers, pt. ii. sec. xvi. p. 311, speaks of "The interest which the intellectual public of England take in the question." This use appears to be very rare. XIT.

I can find no instance of this word in the sense

Byron is a "writer of repute," and he uses the word in Don Juan :—

"Tell me, ye lords of ladies intellectual, And tell me truly, have they not henpecked you all?" J. CARRICK MOORE.

In Lever's Jack Hinton, at p. 160 of octavo edition, 1873, will be found the following: "You are a sensual creature, Father Tom,' said the Major, and prefer drink to intellectual discussion; not but that you may have both here at the same time.'" H. G. H.

Freegrove Road, N.

TOADSTOOL (6th S. iv. 249).-The derivation of toad to which your correspondent gives the preference, is precisely the one advanced by Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood in his Dict. of English Etymology, analogous words and all. I fail, however, that toadstool "owes the origin of its name to the to see how the acceptance of the derivation shows rapidity of its growth." I think that there can be no reasonable doubt that the word has its name from the toad itself. This view is corroborated by the various names for the toadstool in England, and also by analogues from other languages. Why the toad should form the first syllable of the compound is probably a matter of conjecture; but, as toadstools are frequently poisonous, and as we know that in former days the toad was regarded as highly venomous, may not the fact be some reason for the name?

66

Lyly, in his Euphues, calls the creature "the foule Toade" (ed. Arber, p. 53); and Shakespeare styles it ugly and venomous" (As You Like It, II. i. 13), and "that poisonous bunch-back'd toad" (Richard III., I. iii. 246). Minsheu, in his Dict., says, "Toade-stoole, because the toades doe