THE very high antiquity of and the very great veneration, in which these shrines are held combined with the picturesque views they present, and their rural and secluded situation deservedly entitle them to the attention of the traveller.

THE amusement I derived from a class of animals, which are much cherished by the Hindoos, will not permit me to forget to mention the roguish and wanton tricks of the monkeys. They are very considerable in number, and consist of more than one species, they are seen running about the lawn and temples in all directions, climbing trees and feeding from the hands of visitors, who delight in feeding them; they are however very troublesome to the inhabitants as they frequent their houses, and steal and pilfer whatever they find of an edible nature; they infest both Chutterkote and Kamptanaat, but notwithstanding these charges which would be sufficient to cause their extermination in any other country, it must be allowed that their agreeable presence greatly promotes the loveliness, and adds to the rural appearance of this sequestrated spot.

BESIDES Kamptanaat there are two other places in the vicicinity, beheld with religious veneration, namely, the stone on which Ram Chunder is reported to have been in the habit of sitting when engaged in holy meditation on the surface, of which it is said the impression of his knees is still to be seen. This stone is nearly a circular rock half projecting into the river, perpendicular on all sides, and about four or five feet high above the stream. This rock is situated from 2 to 3 miles South of the town between the hills, through which the river obtains a passage. The aspect of the surrounding scenery is very wild, and the hill which overlooks the stream, is composed of lithomarge and decayed sand-stone. The other place of veneration is the pahar Hanooman, or the hill of the deity, called Hanooman, at the distance of two miles from Chutterkote. The temple is near the top of a very steep hill, to which you ascend by a regular stair, consisting of a vast number of (I think about three hundred) steps, when arrived there you are shewn a figure of Hanooman, over whose shoulders water is conducted by a small aqueduct that is moveable. This is a natural spring issuing out of the sand-stone rock. The Byraghees who attend, explain all the religious circumstances regarding this spring, which tradition has handed down.

AT Chutterkote within the compass of two or three miles, the greatest changes in the nature of the rocks are met with. They pass from primitive to secondary in rapid succession. Little or no alteration had occurred from Adjeghur and Bisramgunge Ghaut to this place, but here where these two formations meet, a decided change could not fail to be noticed. In proceeding from the Westward to the Eastward in the space abovementioned, the fol

lowing rocks were observed, porphyry; syenite; loose senitic stones containing black mica in a state of decomposition; felspar containing little mica or quartz; green amygdaloid with a calcareous base effervescing with acids; lithomarge imbedded in roundish nodules found connected with flesh-coloured felspar, and with the abovementioned green amygdaloid; and greenish siliceous schist, composed of white quartz and green foreign particles.

THEN granite of a syenitic structure, red and green amygda, loid, with a calcareous base and syenitic porphyry.

AFTERWARDS in the bed of the river, calcareous tuffa, indurated lime-stone having the impression of oyster, muscle, and other shells, lithomarge and plastic clay, magnesian lime-stone or secondary gypsum, (the exact nature of the stone still being doubtful, I have mentioned it as belonging to one of these two kinds, as I believe, these are alone met with in a similar situation). Sand-stone, siliceous earth and plastic clay confusedly intermixed, forming a small hill, contiguous to the meditation stone of Ram Chunder before mentioned, from which the natives subtract a soft clay which they use in imprinting certain marks on their forehead, ears, arms and breast, and may be had either of a white yellow, sandal or bluish colour, as suits the fancy of the purchaser.

THE Hanooman hill, which is the most Easterly of the points to which I prescribed myself, is composed of sand-stone, supported by buttresses apparently of the same doubtful stone as before mentioned i. e. magnesian lime-stone or secondary gypsum.

IN the foregoing description, I particularly have the following habitats in view. 1st. The hill immediately to the Westward of that around the base of which the temples of the Kamptanaat are constructed. 2dly.-The hill of Kamptanaat and the products of a well which was then digging on the Western side of it by the Rajah of Gohad. 3dly. The bed of the river which flows through Chutterkote, and divides the town, and the hill which is found on its West bank, and under which rises the meditation seat of Ram Chunder of celebrated memory. 4thly.-The Hanooman hill on the top of which is an extensive table land, having one or more villages situated on it for the purpose of cultivation.

THE cantonments of the Mahratta Chief who has succeeded to Amrat Rao, the Ex-Peshwa, are situated at only a short distance of three miles from Chutterkote, near a large village called Turowah. The country hereabout is delightly fresh, and presents many beauties. The village (or rather town), which has arisen in consequence of the residence of the Mahratta Chief exhibits a busy appearance, which combined with other symptoms seemed to indicate much

happiness among the inhabitants. Some permanent buildings have been erected with an excellent yellow and white sand-stone, procured from the Hanooman hill. This sand-stone being soft and easily worked, is also formed into utensils for domestic purposes, and likewise sculptured into images for the use of the neighbouring temples.

THE road which I pursued from Chutterkote to Mirzapoor, on the Southern side of the Ganges, afforded no Geological objects deserving of notice. The two Ghauts I passed in my route were entirely composed of sand-stone. The great belt of hills still continued to wind along on my right, presenting to the eye, the appearance of an abrupt mountainous barrier rising suddenly from the plain to a very considerable elevation.

It may however be worthy of remark that the soil in many villages on the South of Allahabad, which I visited, was impregnated with saline qualities, and the inhabitants made a sufficient salt for their own consumption, and for that of their neighbours. Some spots are more favorable than others, and the soil in particular villages is more impregnated with salt than in others. Their method of obtaining the salt appeared very simple, and the evaporating process was performed in shallow reservoirs. It appeared to me to possess qualities somewhat different from that of the Lake salt procured at Ajmere. It had a very yellow colour, but I did not learn that it was injurious to the natives. The soil in many parts especially for some distance from Chutterkote, and afterwards towards Mirzapoor, was very good and productive, but now and then where the sand-stone protruded the soil was barren and unfertile, and the inhabitants wretchedly poor.

THE colour and nature of the soil also varied, and underwent many changes, but what occasioned these different appearances, I do not know, as I am not aware that any other stone besides sand-stone formed the substratum, I think it however very possible, that different portions of calcareous marl may have produced these changes and alterations.

IN some places the soil presented a cracked appearance, and in other situations it was firm and compact. Again it was sometimes of a white, and sometimes of a black or brown colour. The hills near Mirzapore are a low sand-stone range forming the declivity of the flat form of sand-stone, on which I had long been marching. These hills produce excellent materials for building, in great request both at Mirzapoor and Benares. These cities perhaps exhibit some of the best specimens of modern Hindoo Architecture, and which will scarcely be thought inferior to those of greater antiquity.

ART. II.-On Latent Heat.

THE Common notion of Latent Heat in which it is considered as a quantity expressed by a number of Thermometric degrees, which may be added or subtracted, multiplied or divided, has by more than one writer had its soundness questioned. While ignorant of the nature of heat, and incapable of exhibiting it except in its effects on other bodies, it does undoubtedly appear objectionable to speak of its quantity. The eminently absurd results obtained in the search after the point of absolute cold or zero of temperature, might have served to convince Philosophers that such researches are founded in a misconception of the subject, and have consequently taught them to avoid falling into similar errors. For the two questions are precisely of the same kind-in the one we enquire what is the total quantity of heat in a body, in the other what is the excess which a body in one state possesses over what it does in an. other. In each the proposition is expressed in terms that have no meaning, or at least to which we can attach no precise idea. Accordingly we find the several determinations of Latent Heat are as wide of each other as might have been expected. The idea on which the investigation was founded, being erroneous, has necessarily led to erroneous results, and the authors misled by the false theory they had formed have been blind to the results of real value which their experiments were capable of furnishing.

IN the reduction of these experiments, it is always assumed for instance, that in mixing nine parts of water, temperature 62, with one of steam at 212-the temperature of the mixture being 178.6 or 101.6 more than an equal quantity of water of the same temperature would have produced, that therefore the steam contained 1916o more heat than the water 101.6 x 9 + 1. Expressed in these terms the proposition in reality conveys no idea-it may be curious therefore to examine on what basis this assumption rests. It will not I think be difficult to show that it is grounded on a paralogism, which consists in confounding the very different relations which water and aqueous vapor bear towards heat. This difference of properties was not, I allow, known to the early experimenters on Latent Heat; but the history of the question may serve as a useful caution against indulging in unintellible speculations: till it could be shown that heat was really a quantity it was worse than useless to calculate its amount.

THE essential difference between water and steam, consists in this. If we mix two portions of water of different temperatures, the increase of temperature of the mixture is found to depend on the difference of temperatures of two portions, and on the ratio of the quantities jointly. But in condensing steam in water, the rise of temperature has no reference to the temperature of the steam, but is a function simply of the ratio of the quantities.

This important truth which we owe to the sagacity of M. Clement, entirely vitiates the results above alluded to, and shows the absurdity of speaking of Latent Heat as a fixed quantity when we can change its value at pleasure by employing water of different temperatures, the steam being still of the same. In fact from M. Clement's experiments it is sufficiently obvious, that whatever the temperature of the steam, the heating power is the same, and we may therefore by modifying the experiments obtain any result we choose as the value of what is called Latent Heat. This is one of the sources of the great discrepancies in the results obtained by the different experiments.

IN the experiment above quoted, which is Dr. Thomson's, is easy to show that the number 1016 is not deducible from the data when the result is correctly calculated. We see that part of steam condensed into water heats it 101.6, more than part vater. Hence it is concluded that as the 10 parts were each of them heated 101.6, all which heat was derived from the 1 part of steam-therefore that 1 part of steam must have contained 101.6 × 10 = 1016o more than an equal quantity of water of the same temperature. By parity of reasoning, if we mix equal weights of steam and water, temperature 212 and 62, the resulting temperature, were the steam prevented escaping, would be 645 or 62+1228. Now the correct number obtainable from these very

2

data is 828°, as I shall endeavour to make plain in a very few words.

W

SINCE steam, of whatever temperature, has an equal heating power, it is evident that if q represent the ratio which the steam to be condensed in order to effect an elevation of 1o in the temperature, bears to the water, then will w + represent the weight after the condensation. And as for the next degree the same proportion of steam is required, it is evident that the actual quantity will be greater than was required for the first degree by the quantity In like manner for the 3d, it will be still greater, being always the same aliquot part of the mass to be heated, which is continually increasing in consequence of the continual condensation of the steam. =r then will wr the resulting weight after a rise of 1o

Put 1 +

wr2

wr3

and wr

W

WE see then that putting s = weight of steam which has been condensed wrw+s is an equation which represents the relations of the several quantities to each other.