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VENUS AND ADONIS.

Einleitung.

Shakspere's Venus and Adonis erschien zuerst im Jahre 1593 im Verlage von Richard Field. Das

itelblatt enthält ausser dem Namen des Gedichts noch folgendes lateinische Motto aus Ovid (Amorum lib. I. leg. XV.):

Vilia miretur vulgus: mihi flavus Apollo

Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua.

Der Name des Verfassers, der auf dem Titelblatte fehlt, findet sich am Schlusse folgender Widmung, welche nit der Aufschrift The Epistle dem Werke vorgedruckt ist:

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

HENRY WRIOTHESLY,

Earle of Southampton, and Baron of Tichfield.

RIGHT HONOURABLE,

I know not how I shall offend in dedicating my unpolisht lines to your Lordship, nor how the orlde will censure me, for choosing so strong a proppe to support so weake a burden: onelye if your Honour seeme but pleased, I account myselfe highly praised, and vowe to take advantage of all idle oures, till I have honoured you with some graver labour. But if the first heire of my invention prove eformed, I shall be sorrie it had so noble a godfather, and never after eare so barren a land, for fear it ield me still so bad a harvest. I leave it to your Honourable survey, and your Honor to your hearts ontent; which I wish may alwaies answere your owne wish, and the worlds hopeful expectation.

Your Honours in all duty,

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE.

Dieser ersten und correctesten, vom Dichter selbst veranlassten, Ausgabe in Quarto folgte im Jahre 1594 ine zweite Ausgabe, ebenfalls in Quarto, in demselben Verlage. Eine dritte Ausgabe in Octav erschien im Jahre 596 im Verlage von John Harrison, dem Field sein Anrecht bereits 1594 cedirt hatte. Eine Reihe folgender usgaben bezeugt die fortdauernde Popularität des Werkes, welche ausserdem aus den vielfachen rühmenden Erähnungen des Gedichts bei den Zeitgenossen hinlänglich erhellt. Die Correctheit des Textes aller dieser älteren usgaben übertrifft bei Weitem sämmtliche Quartos und Folios der Shakspere'schen Dramen, und bietet demgemäss em Kritiker geringere Schwierigkeiten dar als irgend eins dieser Schauspiele.

Wie lange vor dem Drucke Venus and Adonis geschrieben war, lässt sich nicht bestimmen. Selbst der asdruck the first heire of my invention, welchen Shakspere in der Widmung an seinen Gönner, den Grafen outhampton, von seinem Gedichte gebraucht, zwingt nicht zu der Annahme, dass dieses lyrisch-epische Werk len seinen dramatischen Werken als erster dichterischer Versuch überhaupt vorangegangen und, wie manche ritiker wollen, vom Dichter schon in seiner Heimath Stratford entworfen sei, obgleich die Möglichkeit sich allerngs nicht leugnen lässt. - Vers, Diction und Charakteristik lassen eher auf eine bereits erworbene poetische ebung und Sicherheit schliessen und vermuthen, dass Venus and Adonis nicht lange vor der ersten VeröffentChung im Jahre 1593 verfasst sein mag.

Den Stoff seines Gedichtes kannte Shakspere wahrscheinlich aus Golding's Uebersetzung der Metamorhosen des Ovid, welche vollständig zuerst im Jahre 1567 erschienen war. Doch schliesst er sich in seiner Beandlang weit weniger an diese Quelle als an ein Gedicht von Henry Constable an, das mit dem Titel The hepheard's Song of Venus and Adonis sich nachweislich zwar erst im Jahre 1600 in einer Gedichtmmlung, England's Helicon, findet, das aber weit früher gedichtet sein mag. Die Verwandtschaft beider edichte ist unverkennbar, und nur das bleibt zweifelhaft, ob Constable, der 1579 in Cambridge promovirte, so vermuthlich etwas älter als unser Dichter war, von Shakspere, oder Shakspere von Constable benutzt ist. ir lassen Constable's Gedicht zur Vergleichung hier folgen.

ENUS faire did ride,

silver doues they drew her,

y the pleasant lawnds,

ere the sunne did rise:

estaes beautie rich

open'd wide to view her; Philomel records

pleasing harmonies. Euery bird of spring Cheerfully did sing,

Paphos' goddesse they salute:
Now loues queene so faire
Had of mirth no care,

For her sonne had made her mute.

In her breast so tender

He a shaft did enter,

When her eyes beheld a boy;
Adonis was he named,
By his mother shamed,

Yet he now is Venus' joy.

Him alone she met,

ready bound for hunting;

Him she kindly greets,

and him journey stayes:

Him she seekes to kisse,

no deuises wanting;

Him her eyes still wooe,

him her tongue still prayes, He with blushing red, Hangeth down the head,

Not a kisse can he afford; His face is turn'd away, Silence say'd her nay,

Still she woo'd him for a word. Speake, shee said, thou fairest, Beautie thou impairest;

See mee, I am pale and wan: Louers all adore mee,

I for loue implore thee;

Christall teares with that downe ran.

Him heerewith shee forc'd

to come sit downe by her;

Shee his necke embracde,

gazing in his face:

Hee, like one transform'd,

stir'd no looke to

eye

her.

Euery hearbe did wooe him,
growing in that place,
Each bird with a dittie,
Prayed him for pitty,

In behalfe of beauties queene;
Waters' gentle murmour
Craved him to loue her,

Yet no liking could be seene.
Boy, shee say'd, looke on mee,
Still I gaze upon thee;

Speake, I pray thee, my delight:

Coldly hee reply'd,
And in breefe deny'd

To bestow on her a sight,

I am now too young

to be wonne by beauty;

Tender are my yeeres;
I am yet a bud:

Fayre thou art, shee said;

then it is thy dutie,

Wert thou but a blossome,
to effect my good.

Every beauteous flower
Boasteth in my power,

Byrds and beasts my lawes effect;

Mirrha, thy faire mother,

Most of any other

Did my lovely hests respect.

Be with me delighted,

Thou shalt be requited,

Every Nimph on thee shall tend;
All the Gods shall loue thee,
Man shall not reproue thee,

Loue himselfe shall be thy freend. Wend thee from mee, Venus,

I am not disposed; Thou wringest mee too hard; pre-thee, let me goe: Fie! what a paine it is

thus to be enclosed?

If loue begin with labour,
it will end in woe.

Kisse mee, I will leaue;
Heere, a kisse receiue;

A short kiss I doe it find:
Wilt thou leaue me so?

Yet thou shalt not goe;

Breathe once more thy balmie wind:
It smelleth of the Mirh-tree,
That to the world did bring thee;

Neuer was perfume so sweet.
When she had thus spoken,
She gave him a token,

And theyr naked bosoms meet.

Now, hee sayd, let's goe;

harke, the hounds are crying; Grieslie boare is vp,

huntsmen follow fast,

At the name of boare
Venus seemed dying ; ·

Deadly-coloured pale

roses ouer cast.

Speake, sayd shee, no more
Of following the boare,

Thou unfit for such a chase:
Course the fearfull hare,
Venson doe not spare,

If thou wilt yeeld Venus grace.

Shun the boare, I pray thee,

Else I still will stay thee;

Herein he vow'd to please her minde:

Then her armes enlarged,

Loth shee him discharged;

Forth he went as swift as winde.

Thetis Phoebus' steedes

in the west retained;

Hunting sport was past,

Loue her loue did seeke:

Sight of him too soone

gentle Queene shee gained;

On the ground he lay,

blood had left his cheeke:

For an orped swine

Smit him in the groyne;

Deadly wound his death did bring:

Which when Venus found,

Shee fell in a swound,

And, awakte, her hands did wring.

Nimphs and Satires skipping

Came together tripping;

Eccho euery cry exprest:

Venus by her power

Turn'd him to a flower,

Which she weareth in her creast.

EVEN as the sun with purple-colour'd face
Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn,
Rose-cheek'd Adonis 1 hied him to the chase;
Hunting he lov'd, but love he laugh'd to scorn:
Sick-thoughted Venus makes amain unto him,
And like a bold-fac'd suitor 'gins to woo him.

Thrice-fairer than myself, (thus she began,)
The field's chief flower, sweet above compare,
Stain to all nymphs, more lovely than a man,
More white and red than doves or roses are;

2

3

Nature, that made thee, with herself at strife, 4
Saith, that the world hath ending with thy life.

Vouchsafe, thou wonder, to alight thy steed,
And rein his proud head to the saddle-bow;
If thou wilt deign this favour, for thy meed
A thousand honey secrets shalt thou know:

Here come and sit, where never serpent hisses;
And being set, I'll smother thee with kisses:

And yet not cloy thy lips with loath'd satiety,
But rather famish them amid their plenty,
Making them red and pale with fresh variety;
Ten kisses short as one, one long as twenty:

A summer's day will seem an hour but short,
Being wasted in such time-beguiling sport.

With this she seizeth on his sweating palm,
The precedent of pith and livelihood,
And, trembling in her passion, calls it balm,
Earth's sovereign salve to do a goddess good:
Being so enrag'd, desire doth lend her force
Courageously to pluck him from his horse.

Over one arm the lusty courser's rein,
Under her other was the tender boy,

6

Who blush'd and pouted in a dull disdain,
With leaden appetite, unapt to toy;
She red and hot as coals of glowing fire,
He red for shame, but frosty in desire.

The studded bridle on a ragged bough
Nimbly she fastens; (0, how quick is love!)
The steed is stalled up, and even now
To tie the rider she begins to prove :

Backward she push'd him, as she would be thrust,
And govern'd him in strength, though not in lust.

So soon was she along, as he was down,
Each leaning on their elbows and their hips:
Now doth she stroke his cheek, now doth he frown,
And 'gins to chide, but soon she stops his lips;

And kissing speaks, with lustful language broken, 7
If thou wilt chide, thy lips shall never open.

He burns with bashful shame; she with her tears
Doth quench the maiden burning of his cheeks;
Then with her windy sighs, and golden hairs,
To fan and blow them dry again she seeks:

9

He saith she is immodest, blames her miss;
What follows more she murders 10 with a kiss.

Even as an empty eagle, sharp by fast,
Tires 11 with her beak on feathers, flesh, and bone,
Shaking her wings, devouring all in haste,
Till either gorge be stuff'd, or prey be gone;

Even so she kiss'd his brow, his cheek, his chin,
And where she ends she doth anew begin.

Forc'd to content, 12 but never to obey,
Panting he lies, and breatheth in her face;
She feedeth on the steam, as on a prey,
And calls it heavenly moisture, air of grace;

1) rose-cheek'd Adonis fand Sh., wie Malone nachweist, in Marlowe's Hero and Leander: The men of wealthy Sestos every year || For his sake whom their goddess held so dear, || Rose-cheek'd Adonis, kept a solemn feast. 2) Adonis in dem Glanze seiner Schönheit verdunkelt alle Nymphen. 3) Obgleich white and red als Compositum auf die aus Weiss und Roth vermischte Hautfarbe des Adonis geht, so bezieht sich doch doves nur auf white, roses nur auf red. 4) Indem die Natur den Adonis schuf, den sie selbst später nicht übertreffen konnte, that sie sich selber zu nahe. 5) Die Feuchtigkeit der Hand, welche hier auf Mark und Lebenskraft hindeutet, ist sonst bei Sh. das Zeichen von Freigebigkeit und liebevoller Hingabe; so in Othello (A. 3, Sc. 4) und in Antony and Cleopatra (A. 1, Sc. 2). precedent Muster, Vorbild, änderte Malone das president der alten Ausgg. 6) to toy = verliebt tändeln. Adonis war nicht aufgelegt zu verliebter Tändelei. 7) lustful ist dem Sinne nach mit broken zu verbinden: mit einer Sprache, die vor Wollust stammelt. 8) hairs ist in der Orthographie der ersten Ausg. mit genauerer Beobachtung des Reimes heares. golden hairs gehört dem Sinne nach zu fan, und windy sighs za blow them dry. 9) miss Missgriff, Verkehrtheit. Die meisten Hgg. drucken 'miss, aus amiss abgekürzt. Doch kommt auch miss bei ältern Schriftstellern in diesem Sinne vor. 10) Die spätern Ausgg. haben smothers für murders. 11) to tire on wird von der gefrässigen und gewaltsamen Weise gebraucht, in der ein Raubvogel sich mit seiner Beute zu schaffen macht. 12) to content fasst Steevens als neutrales Verbum und erklärt es mit to content himself = sich zufrieden geben, keinen Widerstand leisten, was besser zu dem folgenden, ebenfalls verbalen to obey passt, als Malone's Erklärung, der content substantivisch

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Look how he can, she cannot choose but love;
And by her fair immortal hand she swears,
From his soft bosom never to remove,
Till he take truce with her contending tears,

Which long have rain'd, making her cheeks all wet;
And one sweet kiss shall pay this countless debt.

Upon this promise did he raise his chin,
Like a dive-dapper peering through a wave,
Who, being look'd on, ducks as quickly in:
So offers he to give what she did crave;

But when her lips were ready for his pay,
He winks, and turns his lips another way.

Never did passenger in summer's heat
More thirst for drink than she for this good turn.
Her help she sees, but help she cannot get;
She bathes in water, yet her fire must burn: 16
O, pity, 'gan she cry, flint-hearted boy!
"T is but a kiss I beg; why art thou coy?

I have been woo'd, as I entreat thee now,
Even by the stern and direful god of war,
Whose sinewy neck in battle ne'er did bow,
Who conquers where he comes, in every jar;

Yet hath he been my captive and my slave,
And begg'd for that which thou unask'd shalt have.

Over my altars hath he hung his lance,
His batter'd shield, his uncontrolled crest, 17
And for my sake hath learn'd to sport and dance,
To toy, 18 to wanton, dally, smile, and jest;

Scorning his churlish drum, and ensign red,
Making my arms his field, his tent my bed. 19

-

Thus he that overrul'd, I oversway'd,
Leading him prisoner in a red-rose chain:
Strong-temper'd steel his stronger strength obey'd,
Yet was he servile to my coy disdain.

O! be not proud, nor brag not of thy might,
For mastering her that foil'd the god of fight.

Touch but my lips with those fair lips of thine,-
Though mine be not so fair, yet are they red,
The kiss shall be thine own as well as mine.
What seest thou in the ground? hold up thy head:
Look in mine eyeballs, there thy beauty lies;
Then why not lips on lips, since eyes in eyes? *

Art thou asham'd to kiss? then wink again,
And I will wink; so shall the day seem night;
Love keeps his revels where there are but twain;
Be bold to play, our sport is not in sight:

These blue-vein'd violets, whereon we lean, Never can blab, nor know not what we mean.

20

The tender spring upon thy tempting lip
Shows thee unripe, yet may'st thou well be tasted
Make use of time, let not advantage slip;
Beauty within itself should not be wasted:

Fair flowers that are not gather'd in their prime,
Rot and consume themselves in little time."

Were I hard-favour'd, foul, or wrinkled-old,
Ill-nurtur'd, crooked, churlish, harsh in voice,
O'erworn, despised, rheumatic, and cold,
Thick-sighted, barren, lean, and lacking juice. *

Then mightst thou pause, for then I were not for thee;
But having no defects, why dost abhor me?

Thou canst not see one wrinkle in my brow;
Mine eyes are grey,22 and bright, and quick in turning :
My beauty as the spring doth yearly grow,
My flesh is soft and plump; my marrow burning;
My smooth moist hand, were it with thy hand felt,
Would in thy palm dissolve, or seem to melt.

Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear,
Or like a fairy trip upon the green,
Or like a nymph, with long dishevell'd hair,
Dance on the sands, and yet no footing seen: 23
Love is a spirit all compact of fire,
Not gross to sink, but light, and will aspire.

Witness this primrose bank whereon I lie;
These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me;

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fasst und mit acquiescence erklärt. 13) rank von der Ueberfülle der Säfte, hier von der Ueberfülle des Wassers in einem hochangeschwollenen Flusse gebraucht. aw'd resistance ein Widerstand, der aus keuscher Sche hervorgeht. 14) Adonis sieht bald roth aus vor Scham, bald aschfarbig fahl vor Zorn. 15) Und wenn er blass aussieht, so wird das, was ihr vorher als das Beste erschien, d. h. Adonis' rothe Farbe, übertroffen durch einen höheren Reiz. Darauf bezieht sich der Anfang der folgenden Strophe: er mag aussehen, wie er will, roth oder weiss. 16) So die älteren Ausgg.; die späteren lesen yet in fire must burn: obgleich sie sich in Thränen badet, so brennt ihre Liebesgluth doch fort. 17) Sein Helmschmuck, dem Niemand Trotz bieten kann. 18) So die älteste Ausg.; die späteren to coy. Vgl. oben Anm. 6. 19) Der Reim hat die Umstellung bewirkt: er machte mein Bett zu seinem Kriegszelt. So auch im Folgenden, wo die Construction ist: thus I overswayed him that overruled so herrschte ich über ihn, der sonst überall obherrschte. 20) So die älteren Ausgg.; die späteren haben eyes on eyes. 21) Für juice der älteren Ausgg. hat eine spätere des Reimes wegen joice. Doch bemerkt Farmer, dass juice in den mittleren Grafschaften Englands so ausgesprochen werde. 22) grey ist bei Sh. die hellblane Farbe der Augen. 23) Malone citirt dazu eine erklärende Parallelstelle aus Tempest (A. 5, Sc. 1) And ye, that on the sands with printless foot || Do chase the ebbing Neptune. 24) compact of zusammengesetzt, bestehend

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Upon the earth's increase 28 why shouldst thou feed,
Unless the earth with thy increase be fed?
By law of nature thou art bound to breed,
That thine may live, when thou thyself art dead;
And so in spite of death thou dost survive,
In that thy likeness still is left alive.

By this, the love-sick queen began to sweat,
For where they lay the shadow had forsook them,
And Titan, tired 29 in the mid-day heat,
With burning eye did hotly overlook them;
Wishing Adonis had his team to guide,
So he were like him, and by Venus' side.

And now Adonis, with a lazy spright,
And with a heavy, dark, disliking eye,
His louring brows o'erwhelming his fair sight,
Like misty vapours, when they blot the sky,

Souring 80 his cheeks, cries, Fie! no more of love:
The sun doth burn my face; I must remove.

Ah me! (quoth Venus,) young, and so unkind?
What bare excuses mak'st thou to be gone!
I'll sigh celestial breath, whose gentle wind
Shall cool the heat of this descending sun:
I'll make a shadow for thee of my hairs;

If they burn too, I 'll quench them with my tears.

aus Etwas.

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Fie! lifeless picture, cold and senseless stone,
Well-painted idol, image dull and dead,
Statue contenting but the eye alone,
Thing like a man, but of no woman bred:

Thou art no man, though of a man's complexion,
For men will kiss even by their own direction.

This said, impatience chokes her pleading tongue,
And swelling passion doth provoke a pause;
Red cheeks and fiery eyes blaze forth her wrong:
Being judge in love, she cannot right her cause; 35
And now she weeps, and now she fain would speak,
And now her sobs do her intendments 30 break.

Sometimes she shakes her head, and then his hand;
Now gazeth she on him, now on the ground;
Sometimes her arms infold him like a band:
She would, he will not in her arms be bound;
And when from thence he struggles to be gone,
She locks her lily fingers one in one. 97

Fondling, she saith, since I have hemm'd thee here,
Within the circuit of this ivory pale,
I'll be a park, 38 and thou shalt be my deer;
Feed where thou wilt, on mountain or in dale;

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25) So die alten Ausgg., von manchen neuern Hggn. willkürlich verändert in from morn to night. 28) heavy doppelsinnig schwer von Gewicht, im Gegensatze zu light, und beschwerlich, lästig. 27) scil. to bear fruit. Im Gegensatze damit steht das Folgende: Dinge, die nur für sich, nicht zum Nutzen Anderer wachsen, sind ein Missbrauch des Wachsthums. 28) the earth's increase das, was die Erde hervorbringt, im Gegensatz zu dem folgenden thy increase = das, was Du erzeugst, Deine Nachkommenschaft. Das zweite fed, das antithetisch gesetzt ist, steht in uneigentlichem Sinne versehen, ausgestattet mit Etwas. 29) Für tired setzte Collier 'tired (scil. attired). 30) so wring in der ältesten Ausg., in den späteren verbessert. So in K. Richard II. (A. 2, Sc. 1) not my own disgrace || Hath ever made me sour my patient cheek. 31) Die Sonne scheint nur warm, sie brennt nicht, wie Adonis behauptet hatte. 32) So wäre es um das Leben geschehen, so lebte ich nicht mehr zwischen dieser Sonne am Himmel und zwischen der Sonne Deiner Augen. 33) unkind = unnatürlich, im Widerspruch mit dem Naturgebot, welches von den Weibern Kinder verlangt. Staunton möchte das Wort geradezu mit without offspring erklären. 34) Für this wollte Steevens thus lesen. Indess erklärt Malone: Was bin ich, dass Du mir dies verächtlich verweigern solltest? und fasst also me als Dativ. 35) Obgleich sie als Göttin der Liebe Richterin in Liebesangelegenheiten ist, so kann sie doch ihrer eigenen Sache nicht zu ihrem Rechte verhelfen. 36) intendments = Absichten, das, was sie im Sinne hat, bezieht sich auf now she fain would speak. 37) Sie schlingt die einzelnen Finger ihrer einen land in die einzelnen Finger der andern und hält so den Adonis fest in ihrer Umarmung, die sie gleich nachher wegen der Weisse ihrer Hände und Arme als ivory pale bezeichnet. 38) a park in den beiden ältesten Ausgg.; die späteren haben the park, wofür Malone thy park setzte. - Das Wortspiel zwischen dear und deer, das in Sh.'s

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