their territory, liberty and constitutional rights. Article 6 requires the cantons to ask the Confederation to guarantee their constitutions, to be accorded on condition that they are not repugnant to the Federal Constitution and have been ratified by the people. Article 7 prohibits the cantons from forming separate alliances, though conventions with regard to legislative, administrative and judicial subjects are allowed subject to approval of the Federal authorities.

"Art. 8. The Confederation has the sole right of declaring war, of making peace and of concluding alliances and treaties with foreign powers, particularly treaties relating to tariffs and commerce."

Art. 9. Preserves the rights of the cantons to make treaties respecting public property and border police intercourse, not conflicting with the rights of the confederation or other cantons. Article 10 relates to intercourse with foreign governments. “Art. II. No military capitulations shall be made."

Art 12. Prohibits officials from receiving pay, gifts or titles from foreign governments.

"Art. 13. The Confederation has no right to keep up a standing army. No Canton or half Canton shall, without the permission of the Federal government, keep up a standing force of more than three hundred men; the mounted police not included in this number."

"Art. 14. In case of differences arising between Cantons the States shall abstain from violence and from arming themselves; they shall submit to the decision to be taken upon such differences by the Confederation."

Arts. 15, 16 and 17 provide for mutual aid in case of foreign attack or internal disturbance.

Article 18 binds every Swiss to perform military service and Arts. 19-20-21 and 22 provide for the organization of the army under the general control of the Confederation, but entrusting certain duties to the cantonal officials.

Art. 23 authorizes the Confederation to construct public works which concern Switzerland or a considerable part of it. Art. 24 gives the Confederation superintendence of dikes

and forests in the upper mountain region. Art. 25 gives like power to protect game.

"Art. 26. Legislation upon the construction and operation of railroads is in the province of the Confederation."

"Art. 27. The confederation has the right to establish besides the existing Polytechnic School a Federal University and other institutions of higher instruction, or to subsidize institutions of such nature. The Cantons provide for primary instruction which shall be sufficient, and shall be placed exclusively under the direction of the secular authority. It is compulsory and in the public schools free. The public schools shall be such that they may be frequented by the adherents of all religious sects without any offense to their conscience or belief. The Confederation shall take the necessary measures against such Cantons as shall not fulfill their duties."

"Art. 28. The customs are in the province of the Confederation. It may levy export and import duties." Article 29 requires import duties to be low as possible. Art. 30 gives the proceeds of customs to the Confederation, out of which certain cantons are given allowances for Alpine roads.

Art. 31 guarantees free trade throughout the Confederation, except as to articles subjected to state police supervision and the salt and gunpowder monopoly. Art. 32 gives the cantons power to collect duties on wine and spirits under certain restrictions. Art. 32, amended in 1885, authorizes. the Confederation to regulate the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Art. 33 permits the cantons to regulate the granting of certificates to practice a liberal profession.

"Art. 34. The Confederation has power to enact uniform provisions as to the labor of children in factories, and as to the duration of labor fixed for adults therein, and as to the protection of workingmen against the operation of unhealthy and dangerous manufactures. The transactions of emigration and guarantees inviolable secrecy of letters and telegrams. by the State, are subject to Federal supervision and legislation."

"Art. 34 bis. (Amendment of Oct 26, 1890). The Confederation will by law establish invalid and accident insurance,

having regard for existing invalid funds. It may declare participation obligatory for all or for special classes of the population." Art 35 Forbids gaming houses.

Art. 36 places posts and telegraphs under the Confederation and guarantees inviolable secrecy of letters and telegrams. Art. 37 gives the Confederation general supervision over roads and bridges and Art. 38 gives it exclusive control of coinage.

"Art. 39. The Confederation has the power to make by law general provisions for the issue and redemption of bank notes, but it shall not create any monopoly for the issue of banknotes, nor make such notes a legal tender."

Art. 40. The Confederation fixes and the cantons enforce the standard of weights and measures. Art. 41 makes manufacture and sale of gunpowder a state monopoly. Art. 42 states the sources of revenue of the Confederation.

"Art. 43. Every citizen of a canton is a Swiss citizen." A Swiss settled in a canton other than that of his birth enjoys full political rights, but does not share in the municipal and corporate property, unless by act of the canton.

"Art. 44. No Canton shall expel from its territory one of its own citizens, nor deprive him of rights, whether acquired by birth or settlement." Naturalization is regulated by federal legislation. Art. 45 gives every Swiss citizen, except criminals and paupers, right to settle anywhere in Swiss territory on a certificate of origin. Arts. 46 and 47 subject residents to the jurisdiction of the place of domicil and provide for federal legislation as to temporary settlements and to prevent double taxation.

"Art. 48. A federal law shall provide for the regulation of the expenses of the illness and burial of indigent persons amenable to any Canton, who have fallen ill or died in another Canton."

"Art. 49. Freedom of conscience and belief is inviolable." No person can be compelled to take part in religious services or pay taxes to a religious body to which he does not belong. Art. 50 gives the public authorities supervision of religious bodies with power to determine their controversies. Art. 51

excludes the order of Jesuits from Switzerland and authorizes the exclusion of any other dangerous order.

"Art. 52. The foundation of new convents or religious orders, and the reëstablishment of those which have been suppressed are forbidden."

Art. 53 makes civil status and records thereof and control of places of burial subject to civil authority.

Art. 54 secures freedom in contracting marriage and gives the wife the citizenship of her husband.

Art. 55 guarantees freedom of the press, but allows the suppression of abuses by.the cantons.

Art. 56 allows freedom in forming associations except for unlawful purpose.

"Art. 57. The right of petition is guaranteed."

"Art 58. No person shall be deprived of his constitutional judge. Therefore no extraordinary tribunal shall be established. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is abolished."

Art. 59. Suits for personal claims must be brought in the domicile of a resident solvent debtor.

"Imprisonment for debt is abolished."

"Art. 60. All the Cantons are bound to treat the citizens of the other confederated states like those of their own state in legislation and in all judicial proceedings."

"Art. 61. Civil judgments definitely pronounced in any Canton may be executed anywhere in Switzerland."

Arts. 62 and 63 abolish exit duties on property.

Art. 64. The Confederation has power to make laws on legal competency, commerce, copyright inventions and bankruptcy.

"The administration of justice remains with the Cantons, save as affected by the powers of the Federal Court."

"Art. 65. No death penalty shall be pronounced for a political crime."

"Art. 66. The Confederation by law fixes the limits within which a Swiss citizen may be deprived of his political rights." Art. 67 gives the Confederation power to regulate extradition from one canton to another.

"Art. 68. Measures are taken by Federal law for the

incorporation of persons without country and for the prevention of new cases of that nature."

"Art. 69. Legislation concerning measures of sanitary police against epidemic cattle disease, causing a common danger, is included in the powers of the Confederation."

"Art. 70. The Confederation has power to expel from its territory foreigners who endanger the internal or external safety of Switzerland."

"Art. 71. With the reservation of the rights of the people and the Cantons, the supreme authority of the Confederation is exercised by the Federal Assembly which consists of two sections or councils to-wit:

A. The National Council.

B. The Council of States."

Arts. 72 to 79 provide that the National Council shall be composed of one representative for each 20,000 persons or major fraction and gives at least one to each canton and half canton of a divided one. All Swiss twenty years of age may vote and are eligible to election. The term is three years. The Council chooses from its members a President and VicePresident for each session.

Arts. 80 to 83 relate to the Council of States which consists of two representatives from each canton, and chooses its President and Vice-President for each session.

Arts. 84 to 94, give the Federal Assembly legislative power over the matters within the control of the Confederation. A majority of each Council is a quorum and a majority of those voting is required.

"Art. 89. Federal laws, enactments, and resolutions shall be passed only by the agreement of the two Councils.

"Federal laws shall be submitted for acceptance or rejection by the people, if the demand is made by 30,000 voters or by eight Cantons. The same principle applies to federal resolutions which have a general application, and which are not of an urgent nature."

Articles 90 to 94 relate to elections, voting of members of the Council and the introduction of measures and sittings of the Council.