also the completeness or incompleteness of the action or state at that time. The principal parts of a verb are the present infinitive, the past indicative, the present participle, and the past participle. A regular verb is a verb which forms its past tense and its perfect participle by adding d or ed to its present infinitive or its present indicative of the first person. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form its past tense and its perfect participle by adding d or ed to its present infinitive or its present indicative. A defective verb is a verb that lacks one or more of the principal parts. XII. THE CLAUSE THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE We have learned that a group of words called a phrase may perform the office of a single part of speech. A group of words called a clause may be used in the same way. The clause differs from the phrase in having a subject and a predicate. In the sentence, The girl who had bright eyes spied the cherries, the group of words who had bright eyes has the same use in the sentence that with bright eyes or bright-eyed would have. This group or clause who had bright eyes has for its subject who and for its predicate had bright eyes. A clause that has the use of an adjective is called an adjective clause. The adjective clause differs from the adjective phrase in having a subject and a predicate. on the table NOUN MODIfied The box with the cover is mine. BY A PHRASE. from the store that is on the table NOUN MODIfied The box that has a cover BY A CLAUSE. that came from the store j is mine. In the sentence The box that is on the table, is mine, the word that which connects the clause with the word box is a relative pronoun. Some adjective clauses are connected by subordinate conjunctions with the words they modify. This is the place where the battle was fought. Relative pronouns and subordinate conjunctions. serve to connect adjective clauses with the words they modify. EXERCISE 113.- Mention the noun or pronoun modified by each of the italicized clauses; and, when possible, change the clause to a phrase. 1. They stood on a hill that overlooked the moor. 2. "It was the English," Kasper cried, "who put the French to rout." 3. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot O'er the grave where our hero we buried. 4. Her feet disperse the powdery snow that rises up like smoke. 5. A book is a friend whose face never changes. 6. We trust not him who has once broken faith. 7. Sweet are the little brooks that run O'er pebbles glancing in the sun. 8. It was the schooner Hesperus that sailed the wintry sea. 10. It was the time when lilies blow. 11. A city that is set on a hill can not be hid. 12. Spring is the time when the swallows come. 13. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. EXERCISE 114.-Point out the adjective clauses in the following sentences, and tell what each modifies : 1. This is the house that Jack built. 2. I know a bank whereon the wild thyme grows. 4. I remember the house where I was born. 5. Books are the legacies that genius leaves to mankind. 6. The bird that sings on highest wing, Builds on the ground her lowly nest. 7. No flocks that range the valley, free, 8. No tears dim the sweet look that Nature wears. 9. Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 10. The frogs that asked for a king were eaten by a stork. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE A clause used like an adverb, to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, is called an adverbial clause. The adverbial clause differs from the adverbial phrase in having a subject and a predicate. A clause may modify an adjective. Boys are stronger than girls. Here the adverbial clause is than girls (are strong), and it modifies the adjective stronger. He is not so tall as I am. Here the adverbial clause, as I am, modifies the adverb so. Adverbial clauses are connected by subordinate conjunctions with the words they modify. He went when he was called. EXERCISE 115.-Mention the word modified by each of the italicized clauses. 1. After Robinson had eaten, he tried to walk. 2. As Pandora raised the lid of the box, the house grew dark and dismal. 3. Robert of Lincoln's Quaker wife broods in the grass while her husband sings. 4. Wherever he went, he was welcome. 5. Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, Whene'er is spoken a noble thought, To higher levels rise. 6. Philadelphia stands where the Schuylkill joins the Dela ware. 7. Come when you are ready. 8. When I breathe upon the landscape, hard as stone becomes the water! 9. Hiawatha waited till the birch canoe grated on the shining pebbles. |