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ful judge of mountain scenery as John Muir. It reproduces the hoary giant mountains back of the Yosemite Valley near the headwaters of the Merced River-reproduces them not alone with an accuracy of detail satisfactory to a geologist, but also with that grander artistic effect so extolled by Ruskin, that power of calling up in the soul of the spectator the same spirit and impressions that the original of the picture would evoke. The mountains loom in the distance through that indefinable purplish haze, so hard to reproduce that not one artist in hundreds can catch or fix it, yet here so faithfully colored that J. W. Gally, standing with us before the picture, cried out in delight: "He has it. This man has more water in his puddle than the rest of them. This picture was never painted in a studio." No; there is no close air about it. On the mountain-side, in the very face of nature, seeing her eye to eye, was this canvas covered with its colors. You feel the chill wind from the gray unmelted snow, you hear the creaking of the glaciers as they grind their way through the hollow cañons, you hear the incessant voice of the water as it falls and feathers along its rocky channels. There is a poet here as well as a painter, and from storm - beaten pine to cloven rock, from water naked in the light to where it sheathes itself in the heart of darkness, he sees and knows and loves. Not, of course, a poet without discords, not a painter without flaws, but, best taken with worst, a great and sympathetic artist.

-Morris, Schwab & Co. exhibit several new works. Of these the first that catch the eye are two tropical scenes by Mr. M. J. Head, of New York: "Jamaica Mountains" and a "Sunset on the Amazon"-quiet in tone, but rich and effective. Virgil Williams has a picture of a Roman girl, sweetfaced, beautiful in outline, simple and soothing in color as all his works. The companion picture, a Roman boy, hangs by it; both cabinet pictures. Two marine pieces, one by G. J. Denny-an old wooden heart of oak in the foreground and a fly-away look ing steamer behind—and a picture by Tozer, are fair in their style. William Hahn has two of his new Californian pictures—“Camping out" and the "Adobe Station"-with much less of the fiery brick color in them

that spoils so many of his best works. Samuel M. Brookes has two small fish - pictures, as good as anything of that kind can well be, and an attractive little study of a Durham calf, after the Landseer style.

- Roos & Co. exhibit two Yosemite pictures from Thomas Hill, rather cold, but very faithful to objective nature in some of her moods.

Scientific Notes.

We have the authority of Erasmus Wilson, a physiologist of great repute, that a human body of ordinary dimensions contains 7,000,000 66 pores of the skin," and as each of them is about a quarter of an inch in length, the whole number of inches occupied by them is 1,750,000: equal to 145,833 feet, or 48,600 yards, or nearly twenty-eight miles. When this well-determined fact is considered in connection with the duties imposed upon those pores, and the important functions they are intended to perform for the maintenance of health in the body, it is apparent that they should be treated with the greatest consideration, and made the objects of a solicitude commensurate with their ascertained value. The skin performs functions analogous to those of the lungs, as it takes in and gives out certain matters similar to those taken in and exhaled by the lungs, and it has been considerately termed the "assistant apparatus of the lungs." Magendie, Foucault, and others of medical and physiological renown, who experimented largely on the subject, say that if an animal be coated over with varnish impervious to the air, the functions of the skin become impeded, its organism paralyzed, and death ensues in a few hours. The same thing is true of the human system; and it is on record that a lad who was covered with a coating of gilt to represent the Golden Age, during a pageant given by Pope Leo X., died in a few hours, by reason of the impeded functions of the skin. Scrofula, paralysis, and consumption have been rapidly developed by only partially coating the surface of the body. It is, therefore, quite credible that those diseases are subject to alleviation, if not actual removal, by restoring the proper and active functions of the skin, for it is presumable that those

infirmities are intensified by inaction of the pores. Ordinary, or surface, bathing has been found incompetent to remove and exfoliate the minute scurfy deposits which fill the pores and prevent them from fully performing their excretory duties, but it has been ascertained, as nearly as possible, that the hot-air bath supplies the requirement by removing the unctuous matters and corrupting varnish from the overloaded cellules of the epidermis. Being insoluble in water, external applications of that element do not suffice, but the impediments yield readily to the action of the dry hot-air bath. The medical profession furnishes such strong testimonies to the efficacy and innate virtues of this process for the arrest and subjugation of dis. eases and the promotion of health, that we can only subjoin a few of them. Doctor J. T. Metcalf asserts, "that by a timely recourse to this kind of bath, bronchitis, diarrhea, or dysentery may be prevented or relieved." Doctor A. C. Budd says: "The most trustworthy means at our command for relieving obstructions of the kidneys is to press the skin into service by increasing the activity of its functions, and the most powerful therapeutic which we possess to effect this object is, in my opinion, the use of the hot-air bath." Doctor W. H. Van Buren insists that it will avert a tendency to take cold by sudden checks of perspiration, and at the same time it protects the kidneys from diseases. Doctor T. Spencer Wells proclaim. ed to his students that he had treated with great success by the hot-air bath cases of gout, neuralgia, rheumatism, affections of the kidneys, dropsy, paralysis of the lower limbs, skin diseases, etc., and particularly recommended it as a promoter of health and preventive of diseases. Doctor Leard, of the London Consumptive Hospital, speaks of it as being wonderfully effective in cases of consumption. Doctor Sheppard, superintendent of an English lunatic asylum, likens its effects to "drinking in oxygen through channels previously closed up." Mr. Urquhart, who introduced these baths into Great Britain, maintains that "people who use them do not require exercise for health, and can pass from the extreme of indolence to that of toil, and combine the health of the Brahmin with the indulgence of the Sybarite."

The origin of these hot-air baths dates back to a very ancient period. Homer speaks of them as existing among the Greeks dur. ing the siege of Troy, and that people probably conceived the idea from their thermal springs, which were found to possess marked medicinal qualities. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece that they made their appearance in Rome, for the Ro. mans had not an artificial bath in their capital until five hundred years subsequent to the laying of its foundations. They then erected therma, which were renowned for their magnificence, combining all that was perfect in material, elegant in design, elaborate in adornment, and beautiful in art. They were lavishly ornamented with precious gems and metals, and were the chosen deposito. ries of the finest works emanating from the studios of their painters and sculptors. The world-famed Laocoon was discovered among the ruins of the baths of Titus, and the celebrated Farnese Hercules in those of Caracalla. After the conquest of the western Roman Empire by the Moslems, who were at that time the "filthiest of mortals," the baths that had been erected in Constantinople became objects of deep interest to them, and they were made necessary adjuncts to every settlement, and were most liberally endowed by princes and sultans.

Mr. Urquhart is entitled to the credit of the introduction of the Turkish bath into Great Britain, some eighteen years ago, although it is certain that when the Roman legions departed from Britain fifteen hundred years previous they left the hot bath behind them as an established institution. For some unascertained reason they were not appreciated by the ancient Britons, and they fell into disuse. During an extended tour through Turkey and Persia, Mr. Urquhart learned to appreciate the virtues of what is now termed the Turkish bath, and on his return labored assiduously to direct the attention of men eminent for intelligence and wealth to the benefits that would be conferred upon community by their adoption. The first Turkish or hot-air bath was finally erected in London in 1856, and its healthbestowing qualities were so speedily acknowledged that several others were soon afterward established in various parts of the United

Kingdom. On the continent its introduction was a marked success, but more especially has its progress in the United States been prosperous and rapid. It was apparent, however, that their prophylactic and therapeutic qualities could be largely improved, and by scientific process adapted to any climate and all countries with increased benefit. European skill suggested improvements in construction and arrangement, and Doctor Millingen, physician to the Sultan, acknowledges the betterment by saying: "While the West is indebted to the East for the origin of the bath, the East must thank the West for the right construction of the bath." Mankind is progressive-none more so than the people of this country, who are not generally willing to accept anything as being perfect. They seek to adapt things more satisfactorily to their own special needs and surroundings. Desirous of bringing the hot-air bath to the greatest possible perfection, Doctor A. M. Loryea devoted three years to a critical examination of all the most noted establishments in Europe, including those of Constantinople. The result of his observations is the production of a bath retaining the virtues and dispensing with the doubtful or objectionable features of the original. California was found to possess a climate admirably suited for the most effective demonstration of the manifold benefits conferred by the hotair bath, and it is in San Francisco that Doc tor Loryea has just erected the "Hammam," reasonably supposed to be the most perfect and elegant Turkish bath ever built. It is this young city that has outstripped, so far, its competitors in raising the noblest of those health-imparting palaces that were objects of such deep interest to the luxurious old Romans, Greeks, and Turks, and have recently become indispensable to the capitals of modern Europe. Science, observation, and skill, unaided by material auxiliaries, could avail but little; but, most opportunely, this need was cheerfully supplied by a gentleman whose fortune is not less ample than his intelligence. The Honorable John P. Jones, United States Senator from Nevada, with commendable liberality and broad public spirit, came promptly to the financial assistance of Doctors Loryea and Trask, proprietors of the Hammam, which soon reared its airy mina

rets and sprightly pinnacles under their directing care.

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This Hammam, or hot-air bath, is located at Nos. 11 and 13 Dupont Street, in the heart of this city, with an entrance for ladies on Bagley Place. Ascending the steps from Dupont Street, the visitor is at once delighted by the presence of a beautiful bronze fountain, whose long jets shine up in the Over the entrance - door is a finely executed inscription in Arabic: "Bishmillah, Alla il Alla." To the right of the entrance hall is an apartment supplied with refreshments and appropriate stimulants. On the left is the office, which communicates by means of tubes with all the various departments of the Hammam. It is here that the bather is requested to deposit his valuables, register his name, and receive his check. Advancing, he enters the "mustaby," or cool room, the centre of which is occupied by a marble bath, six feet deep, six feet wide, and thirty feet long. Here, too, a silver fountain plays. On either side are lounging and smoking rooms, each splendidly fitted up, and separated from its neighbor by handsomely carved and painted trellis - work in wood, through which the cool air passes without obstruction. The ceilings and walls are magnificently frescoed, the work having been executed by Mr. Paul Frenzeny, a young French artist of remarkable merit. Overhead the light enters through two large circular skylights of colored glass, toned down so as to impress the mind with a sense of freshness and coolness, and in perfect harmony with the colors of the frescoed walls. Over the doors are appropriate Arabic inscriptions from the Koran, and similar ones are on the walls in suitable places, for the comfort of good Moslem souls. Immense plate-glass mirrors reflect everything from all portions of the apartment, and the visitor is filled with a dreamy soothing languor which is essentially oriental, while the illusion is heightened by Turkish, Persian, and Asiatic surroundings. Scientific precaution has even carpeted the floor with fine Indian matting, which does not retain even a modicum of heat. The mustaby, or cold room, is the opodyterium, conclave, or spoliatorum of the Romans. Succeeding the mustaby is the tepidyrium, corresponding to the "sea" of

the Jews, and the piscinium of the Romans. It is the warm room, wherein a heat of 120° to 130° Fahrenheit is constantly maintained. Everything in this department corresponds with its name, and imparts or suggests warmth. The next in order of apartments is the calidarium, or sudatorium, which corresponds to the hot - stone baths of the Russians, Icelanders, and some tribes of American Indians. The heat of this room is maintained at 160° to 180°, and can be increased at the option of the superintendent. Here, also, everything is in keeping with the name and use of the apartment. The whole room is composed of marble, with a large marble table in the centre, surrounded by marble seats; the table being used for the shampooing process, which is very scientific and important. The employés are all imported from Turkey, having been educated to the business from the early age of eight years. Shampooers generally work for eight hours in the baths, and if there were anything debilitating in being exposed to the lengthened endurance of so high a temperature, it would certainly have made itself apparent in them, which is not the case. The handsome arched ceiling of the calidarium reflects and radiates the heat equally to all portions of the room, which is lighted by superb chandeliers of exquisite design and in perfect harmony with their accompaniments. Separated from this room by thick felt curtains, especially made and imported for the purpose, are three other smaller apartments, in two of which the temperature is much higher than in the main room. Having passed through the calidarium and its auxiliaries, the visitor meets the ladies' entrance, on Bagley Place, where a flight of stairs leads to the second and third floors, the second floor being devoted to their use, and the third to giving all kinds of medicated baths.

The ladies' rooms are sumptuously fitted up, and lavishly furnished with everything that can conduce to luxurious ease and intense enjoyment. The room dedicated to giving mercurial vapor baths is composed entirely of transparent plate - glass, so that the bather can be seen by the operator at all stages. This is a novel and valuable idea introduced by Doctor Loryea. Without attempting a description of the ladies' apart

ments, to which justice can only be done by personal inspection, special admiration is called up at the manner in which the researches of science have been utilized and combined to render the Hammam as perfect as possible. It is an established fact that chemistry enables the adept to extract the active ingredients from medicinal waters, by means of which they can be transported in small bulk, redissolved, and the waters reproduced without any loss of effect, but conferring the power to remedy some existing defect in the original waters, and thereby secure a certainty in their operation which is not always obtainable in their unimproved condition. Doctor Loryea has happily availed himself of the powerful aid afforded by chemistry, and after thoroughly examining the active principles of the most celebrated sanitary waters in Europe, condensed those principles and is prepared to administer all the most noted baths of the spas. One can revel in the salt sea water bath of the Mediterranean without passing through the Straits of Gibraltar. The carbonated or alkaline baths of Vichy are brought to our doors. The famous "serpent baths" of Schlangenbad have been transported to this city. Those of Kesselbrunnen, Swalbach, Marienbad, and Bareges have taken up their abodes here. Electric baths, administered by skilled operators, and even perfumed cosmetic baths for the complexion, are now among the treasures within the reach of our beauties. The healing virtues of Bethesda, Siloam, and the Jordan have been restored and concentrated for our use.

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The construction, general arrangement, and ventilation of the Hammam are well worthy of special mention. All the walls, floors, and ceilings of this establishment are hollow, the air being a bad conductor of heat, and the hollows are for the two-fold purpose of excluding the moisture of the external atmosphere and retaining the heat generated within. The floors and ceilings are composed of iron and stone arches, imparting strength and forming a perfect oven. Professor Tyndall's theory of ventilation is here in successful practice. The cold air is admitted through properly constructed apertures near the ceilings, and the impure hot air, laden with carbonic gases, is expelled

through similar ones near the floors. The excellence of this method has been thoroughly tested here by thermometers, litmus paper, and other scientific means, which demonstrate that the cool air is constantly entering from above and the foul air as constantly going out below. The cold air is driven in from a large brick reservoir in Bagley Place by means of an immense fan, and distributed over sixteen coils of pipe containing superheated steam which is generated by the boil er of a seventy-five horse-power engine, which also drives the fan. The coils are twelve feet high and six feet wide, inclosed within the hollow basement walls. Cold air passing over these coils simply becomes heated and is distributed throughout the various apartments by means of registers. The cold air forced into the mustaby is precisely of the same temperature with the external atmosphere.

Shower-baths are entirely dispensed with, and none of those shocks, which frequently produce disastrous results, are to be encountered, but in their place are marble basins, hewn from the solid rock, and weighing three hundred pounds each, còntaining hot, warm, tepid, and cold water, which is successively sprinkled from needle-jets over the bather, so as to avoid any sudden shock to the system. Absolute purity is so nicely provided for that every room contains a well leading to the basement, down which all towels and foul linen are thrown, and thence taken to the laundry, where they are washed, mangled, ironed, and restored to the owner, clean and fresh, in the course of three or four minutes. To effectually obviate all chance of contagion, large tubs of pure porcelain have been imported from England at great expense. In addition to the baths, laundry, and barber-shop, a first-class restaurant is attached to the establishment, and the bather can refresh his inner man with delicacies that would tempt Epicurus. Perhaps the only serious defect in our climate is that it does not permit us to perspire sufficiently. Sensible and insensible perspiration is checked, and although our fresh summer winds are sanitary in many respects, they also close the skin-pores, and we con

tract colds, catarrhs, neuralgia, rheumatism, and other maladies, for which the Hammam is the best known preventive, or therapeutical agent. With this great sanative lever at our disposal, the climate of San Francisco is probably the best known, and the present enterprise may be regarded as but the beginning of a system which will make California the great sanitarium of America. Everything that science could suggest, experience offer, observation gather, skill adorn, genius invent, and money execute, has been exhausted to perfect the Hammam; and it was with no ordinary gratification that Doctor Loryea received the commendations of the renowned Persian scholar, traveler, and noble Mirza, Mahomet Aly, the third in rank after the Shah. He said, after minutely scrutinizing the whole establishment: "The frescoing, the perfect arrangements for the distribution of hot air, and the number of rich decorations in the apartments, exceed anything I have ever before seen, either in Cairo, Constantinople, or my own country. It is superior to those in Syria, which are the finest in the East." He then presented Doctor Loryea with his badge of the first order a crescent and star and added: "I have written to advise the Shah to confer on Doctor Loryea, and Mr. Paul Frenzeny the artist, the Order of the Crescent." The Mirza furthermore complimented our country by saying: "America is the wonder of the world. I imagine that the garden of Eden was placed in America, and that when Adam disobeyed the commands of Allah he was sent to Asia for his sins. If it be possible," exclaimed the Mirza, "for the Ethiopian to change his skin, or the leopard his spots, it can only be done at the Hammam." The "Poet of the Sierra," while undergoing the ablution of a Turkish bath, exclaimed with delight: "By George! they have worked down to that red shirt I lost in '49." The exquisite sensations experienced by the bather while taking a hot-air bath, and the condition of improved health and invigorated frame in which it leaves him, are finely illustrated by the Arabic inscription over the door of the calidarium-"Pain enters not here."

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