waters, especially near Babylon, Herod. i. 179, vi. 119. Naphtha, a clear, combustible petroleum.

1. 736. gave to rule, Latinism. Cp. Æneid, i. 66; Paradise Lost, iii. 243; ix. 818.

1. 738. bis name = himself. So in ii. 964. Cp. Æneid, vi. 763.

1. 740. Mulciber. Milton has chosen this designation of Vulcan, as applicable to his office of a founder (from Lat. mulcere, mollire).

1. 742. sheer, clear, clean. It is used of water by Spenser (Faery Queene, iv. 6. 20) and Shakespeare (Richard II, 5. 3), and here in its secondary and now ordinary sense. It is derived from A.S. scearan, sciran, to divide (shear, share), and signifies separated from pollution, or contact, &c.

Cp. Iliad, i. 592; Odyssey, vii. 288.

1. 745. Cp. Iliad, iv. 75. 'Zenith' is that part of the heavens which is immediately above the spectator's head.

1. 746. Egean. This word in the early editions is printed Ægæan,' but the accent seems, from the elision preceding, to have been laid on the first syllable. Cp. Thyéstean' in x. 688.

1. 747. rout. Cp. Lycidas 61. From the noise made by a crowd of people (O. Fr. route, Germ. rotte, Engl. rout) the word came to signify a crowd, troop, gang of people. (Wedgwood.)

1. 748. nor aught avail'd. Cp. Iliad, v. 53; Æneid, xi. 843.

1. 750. engines, contrivances, from Lat. ingenium (as artillery from ars). 1. 758. squared regiment, squadron. Cp. note on ii. 570.

1. 760. bunderds. This form is, in the errata list of the first edition, substituted for hundreds.'

1. 763. The champ clos' (or lists) was not covered, but enclosed. 1. 766. The two kinds of jousting are here meant, à l'outrance (or mortal combat), and the bloodless passage of arms (Fr. carrière).

1. 768. Cp. Eschylus, Prometheus 125; Iliad, ii. 87; Æneid, i. 430, vi. 707.

biss, the riválioμa of Æschylus (Prometheus, v. 124).

As bees. Cp. Iliad, ii. 87; Æneid, i. 430, vi. 707.

1.769. with apud. Rides, alluding to the chariot of the sun. 1. 770. Cp. Georgics, iv. 21.

1. 774. expatiate, 'walk abroad.' Latinism. (Æneid, iv. 62.) confer affairs, like 'think submission,' 1. 661.

1. 779. Cowper justifies this by Scripture authority (Mark v. 9).

1. 780. Cp. line 575 (note).

1. 781. The Indian mount is Imaus, a name of the Western Himalaya range.

1. 784. Or dreams he sees. Cp. Æneid, vi. 454.

1. 785. Cp. Horace, Odes, i. 4. 5, and Il Penseroso 60.

1. 786. Cp. Æneid, v. 738.

1. 790. Cp. line 213.

1. 795. conclave, alluding perhaps to the cardinals, who, when assembled to elect a pope, are shut in together.

recess,= retreat, retirement, as in iv. 258, xi. 304.

1. 797. frequent, numerous, as in 'frequens senatus,' literally translated by Ben Jonson in his Catiline.

1. 798. Dr. Major remarks that analogy would require the accent to be placed on the first syllable of consult, to distinguish it from the verb (as in insult'' contrast.') In Shakespeare consult is only found as a verb. Milton accentuates 'exîle,' 'aspéct,' 'procéss,' &c.

Book II.

1. 1. Cp. the opening of the Second Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and Spenser's description of the Presence-chamber in the House of Pride (Faery Queene, i. 4. 8).

1. 2. Ormus, an island in the Persian Gulf, a mart for diamonds. 1. 3. Since Ormus and Ind are both within the gorgeous East,' Landor proposes there, where,' &c.

1. 4. An eastern coronation ceremony was the sprinkling of the monarch with gold-dust and seed-pearl. Barbaric gold is Virgilian (Æneid, ii. 504).

1. 9. success is used by Shakespeare for 'event,' either good or bad (Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 1; Measure for Measure, i. 5), and for bad success, as here (3 Henry VI, 2. 2; Troilus and Cressida, ii. 2). 1. II. Coloss. i. 16.

1. 18. me is placed first as emphatic. Cp. Horace, (Odes, i. 5. 13.) 1. 32. An elliptical construction, which is repeated in the next line, '(there is) none,' &c.

1. 41. open war or covert guile. Cp. Faery Queene, ii. 11. 7.

1. 42. There is a decided manly tone in the arguments and sentiments, an eloquent dogmatism, as if each person spoke from thorough conviction; an excellence which Milton probably borrowed from his spirit of partisanship or else his spirit of partisanship from the natural firmness and vigour of his mind. In this respect Milton resembles Dante (the only modern writer with whom he has anything in common) and it is remarkable that Dante as well as Milton was a political partisan.' (Hazlitt.)

1. 43. scepter'd King is Homeric (Iliad, i. 279).

1. 50. To reck to reckon, to take for, be careful, think. (A.S. recan.) So in As You Like It, ii. 4:

My master is of churlish disposition,

And little recks to find the way to heaven.'

1. 51. sentence, opinion, like Lat. sententia.

1. 64. when to meet the noise, &c. In the Prometheus of Eschylus (920) the hero utters a similar threat.

1. 69. mixt, here = filled with, a Latinism. Cp. Æneid, ii. 487.

1. 73. drench, anything drunk (A.S. drincan, drencan, to drink). Used by Shakespeare, but only of a horse's drink (1 Henry IV, 2. 4). 1. 89. exercise, discipline, chastise, like Lat. exerceo (Virgil, Georgics, iv. 453). So in Othello, iii. 4,

'Much castigation, exercise devout.'

1. 90. Cp. line 252. Milton has 'vassals of perdition' in end of Bk. ii. of Reformation in England. But 'vessels' has been suggested as a reading here. (Rom. ix. 22.)

1. 91. The Ghost in Hamlet speaks of his hour' of torture (Hamlet, i. 5); and torturing hour' occurs in Midsummer Night's Dream, v. 1. 1. 94. The commentators refer to a somewhat similar exhortation by Ajax (Iliad, xv. 509).

1. 97. this essential, adjective for substantive, a frequent Miltonic usage; cp. line 278, 'the sensible of pain.'

1. 104. fatal. Cp. Bk. i. 133.

1. 113. could make the worse, &c. This was the accusation brought against the Sophists.

1. 114. dash. Cp. note to Comus 451.

1. 124. In fact of arms, literal translation of the Fr. 'en fait d'armes.' Cp. line 537 of this book.

1. 132. obscure, accented on the first syllable, as sometimes in Shakespeare (Merchant of Venice, ii. 7; Hamlet, iv. 5; Macbeth, ii. 3).

1. 151. Cp. Claudio's speech Ay, but to die,' &c. (Measure for Measure, iii. 1).

1. 163. These repeated interrogations remind the commentators of a similar passage in the Iliad (ix. 337).

1. 170. Cp. Isa. xxx. 33. So in Eschylus, Oceanus advises Prometheus to submit to the will of Zeus, lest yet greater sufferings should be laid upon him. (Prometheus Vinctus 307-329.)

1. 174. red right band is the 'rubente dextera' of Horace (Odes, i. 2. 2).

1. 182. Of racking whirlwinds, &c. Cp. Æneid, vi. 75, 740.

1. 183. Similar instances of emphasis obtained by repetition of adjectives with the same prefix are found in Spenser (e. g. his description of Death, quoted in note to line 666), Shakespeare (Unhousell'd, unanointed, unanealed,' Hamlet i. 5), and in Milton's prose (A bishop should be undiocesed, unreverenced, unlorded,' Reformation, Bk. ii.) 1. 191. Psalm ii. 4.

1. 199. Cp. Bk. i. 158.

1. 209. doom, A. S. dom, judgment, whence deman, to form a judgment. (Wedgwood.)

1. 210. súpreme is accented thus in Comus 217; On Time 17; Paradise Lost, i. 735. Elsewhere in Milton it has the usual accent. 1. 226. Cp. Comus 759.

1. 227. ignoble ease is Virgil's phrase (Georgics, iv. 564).

1. 234. argues, proves. So in iv. 830, 931. 1. 245. Bentley suggested from ambrosial Agonistes 987.

flowers,' but cp. Samson

1.254. The wish of Horace (Epistles, i. 18. 107).

1. 255. Prometheus declares that he would not change his evil plight for the servile condition of Hermes. (Prometheus Vinctus 968.) Cp. Samson Agonistes 270.

1. 263. Psalm xviii. 11, 13; xcvii. 2; 1 Kings viii. 12.

1. 285. As when bollow rocks, &c. Iliad, ii. 144; Æneid, x. 98.

1. 301. aspéct, always thus accented in Milton and Shakespeare.

1. 302. The peers of England are called 'pillars of the state' in Shakespeare (2 Henry VI, 1. 1).

1. 306. Atlantéan, referring to Atlas, who bore up the columns that keep asunder earth and heaven (Odyssey, i. 52).

1. 311. offspring of Heav'n. Cp. Paradise Lost, v. 863.

1. 318. Milton appears to have been thinking of Alsatia, with its sanctuary privileges.

1. 327. iron sceptre. Cp. Psalm ii. 9.

1. 330. determin'd, ended (our hopes) as in Book v. 879; or perhaps. in the sense of limited, restrained in custody severe.

1. 333. The construction here is taken from a very rare usage in the Latin classics, e. g. in Plautus (Menæchmi, Prol. 59),

'Ei liberorum, nisi divitiae, nihil erat.'

Lambinus censures the expression as too unusual, for nisi can except none but things of a like kind. Cp. note on 1. 678.

1. 337. reluctance, in its original sense of struggling against.' Cp. x. 515, 1045. Cp. 'reluctantes dracones,' Horace, Odes, iv. 4. 11.

1. 341. want, be wanting, as in i. 715, iv. 989.

6

arbiter' (Odes, i. 3. 15).

1. 352. Hebrews vi. 17. Iliad, i. 528-530; Æneid, ix. 104. 1. 359. arbitrator, governor, as Horace uses 1. 367. puny is from Fr. puis né, younger. primary sense. Cp. note on iv. 567.

1. 369. Genesis vi. 7.

1. 376. advise, consider (Fr. aviser).

It is here used in its

Cp. 'lay hand on heart: advise'

(Romeo and Juliet, iii. 5), and use of advice' for consideration' in Henry V, 2. 2, and Comus 108.

1. 379. first devis'd. Cp. i. 650, &c.

1..391. The demon assembly has been called a 'conclave' (i. 795). It is now a 'synod,' and in Paradise Regained, i. 42, is a 'consistory.'

1. 396. chance, either with ellipse of 'to' or as an adverb (=perchance, perhaps) as in Benedick's speech, 'I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit broken upon me' (Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 3).

6

1. 409. arrive, used absolutely (as in Julius Cæsar, i. 2; 3 Henry VI, v. 3), but elsewhere in Milton arrive at.' The word is from Lat. adripare, to come to shore. (Wedgwood.)

1. 410. the happy ile, i. e. earth, hanging in the sea of air.

1. 412. senteries, derived from Lat. sentire, to perceive, watch. Stations =guards (stationes).

1. 420. Milton is supposed to have had in his thoughts the picture of the senate sitting mute before their choice of a commander for the army in Spain (Livy, xxvi. 18).

1. 431. demur, hesitation (Lat. demoror, Fr. demeurer).

1. 432. Cp. Æneid, vi. 128. Dante, describing the ascent from Hell, says that the way is long and the road hard to travel (Inferno, xxxiv. 95).

1. 434. convex, should be 'concave' from Satan's point of view. Cp. 1. 635.

1. 436. Cp. Æneid, vi. 439, 552.

1. 438. void profound, i. e. the ‘inane profundum' of Lucretius.

1. 439. unessential, void of being, having no substance, a mere vacuum or negation. (Keightley.)

1. 441. abortive, i. e. rendering so, like 'forgetful' in line 74.

1. 443. remains him, awaits him. Cp. Paradise Lost, vi. 38; and Æneid, vii. 596, for a similar use of 'maneo.'

1. 445. Cp. Paradise Regained, ii. 463–465.

1. 457. intend, attend to, as in Timon of Athens, ii. 2, 'intending other serious matters.' So the Latin phrase intendere animum,' to bend, apply the mind.

1. 462. mansion, resting-place, dwelling. Cp. Comus 2 (note). 1. 467. prevented. Cp. Nativity Ode 24.

1. 471. opinion is here used for 'public opinion;' so in Shakespeare, King Henry speaks of the descent of his crown to his son with 'better opinion, better confirmation' (2 Henry IV, iv. 4); and ‘opinion' is personified in Troilus and Cressida, i. 3, as crowning Achilles' with an imperial voice.'

1. 487. Cp. Iliad, vii. 214.

1. 490. Heav'ns cheerful face. The phrase is Spenser's (Faery Queene, ii. 12, 34).

element. The Clown in Twelfth Night (iii. 1) declares this word to