was filled in 15 hours 20 minutes, Dec. 5, 1796 Subsidies raised upon the subjects of England for the last time, by James i., 1624 Sugar first cultivated in Jamaica, in 1673. The average annual produce of the island at the present period is 130,000 hogsheads; but a twentieth part of the canes are annually destroyed by rats-the estimated value of which is 200,000l.-(Currency) Sunday schools first instituted in England, 1784; an institution which has shed the light of moral and religious knowledge on the darkest abodes of ignorance Supremacy of the Pope above the Emperor introduced, 607 -the first prince that shook off the yoke of Rome, and settled the supremacy on himself, was Henry VIII., 1533 Surnames introduced into England by the Normans, and adopted by the nobility, 1200 Survey of England made, at first by order of Alfred, 900 by William the Conqueror, 1080 Swearing, the vice of, introduced, 1072 Swedes resigned their prerogatives to the crown, 1772 - Gustavus IV. of, arrived in England, Nov. 12, 1810 Swiss, or Helvetic confederacy, which had been dissolved by French influence in 1798, restored, 1815 Swiss liberty, (origin of) on January 1, 1308, William Tell, joined his heroic companions to oppose their tyrannical oppressors, the Austrians, and effect the freedom of their native country; which, after a struggle of more than three centuries, was declared free and independent by the treaty of Westphalia, 1648 Sword of state carried at an English king's coronation by a king of Scotland, 1194 TALMUD made, 117 before Christ Tamehainlea and Tamehamalu, king and queen of the Sandwich Islands, visited England, in 1824. In the July of the same year, both died of the small-pox, at the Caledonian Hotel, Robert-street, Adelphi, where they lay in state for some days; they were then removed to St. Martin'schurch, and deposited in a vault, till a frigate was got ready, when they were conveyed with the remainder of their suite to the Sandwich Islands Tar-water, first recommended by Bishop Berkeley, 1744 Tea destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, in abhorrence of English taxes, for which they were severely punished by the English parliament, in April 1774 Temperance Societies, (institution of). To the patriots and Christians of the United States of America, belong the glory and honour of inculcating the necessity of total abstinence from ardent spirits for the preservation of health, national morals, and true religion; and among those Christians and patriots, none is so distinguished as the late Rev. Dr. Becher: by the exertions and influence of that illustrious man, the American Temperance Society was formed at Boston, in 1826, and since its formation more than 5,000 similar societies have been formed throughout the Union, by means of which, great and salutary influence has been produced on the American population. The subject has attracted the attention of several of the States of Europe. In England, Ireland, and Scotland, similar societies have been formed, but from the narrow views and selfish motives of the stupid sectarian sticklers for the scheme, but little good has as yet been effected in the United Kingdom Testament, (New) the first printed in the English language, 1526. This translation was made by William Tyndale, and was published abroad, after which it was circulated at Oxford and London. Tonstall, Bishop of London, and Sir Thomas More, bought up almost the whole impression, and burnt it at St. Paul's Cross Thames (River) covered with booths, formed in streets; all sorts of trades, and shops furnished and full of commodities, even to a printing-press, 1684 - a similar fair was held on the same part of the same river, in 1814 Thames Tunnel, (excavation of) See Thames Tunnel, Remarkable Buildings Thanksgiving, (general) first observed, May 29, 1661 observed throughout the kingdom for the successes of the confederates against the Emperor Napoleon, Jan. 13, 1814 Theatre, that of Bacchus, at Athens, the first ever erected, built by Philos, 420 before Christ. The ruins still exist the first royal licence for one in England was in 1574, to James Burbage and four others, servants to the Earl of Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, Bankside, or in any part of England; but long before their time miracles were represented in the open fields, where the devil appeared in person on the stage, shearing the bristles of hogs; hence the old proverb, "Great cry and little wool" plays were opposed by the Puritans, 1633, and suspended till 1660, when Charles II. licensed two companies, Killigrew's and Davenant's; the first at the Bull, Vere-street, Clare-market, which in a year or two was removed to Drurylane; the other was in Dorset-gardens. Till this time boys performed women's parts. Sir William Davenant introduced operas, and both companies united, 1684, and continued together till 1694; when, from the reduced salaries given to the performers, the principal of them, under Betterton, obtained a licence, and withdrew to Portugal-street, Lincoln'sinn-fields, in 1695 Theatrical representations introduced into Thief-takers condemned and pilloried in Smithfield, March, 1755 Thornhill, Mr., of Stilton, rode 215 miles in 12 hours and 17 minutes, April 29, 1745 Thornhill-Lees, Yorkshire, several persons apprehended at, for treasonable practices, by means of a spy of the name of Oliver, June 6, 1817 Tide (The) in the Thames was so high as to overflow its banks, and boats were floated into Westminster-hall, Feb. 2 and 3, 1791 Tilsit, treaty of, concluded, July 7, 1807 Tilts and tournaments instituted in Germany, 919 Time.-Reckoning from the Christian Era, was first introduced and used in Italy in the 6th century. In France in the 7th, but not fully established till the 8th. In Spain, though occasionally adopted in the 11th, it was not uniformly used till the 14th, nor in Portugal till the year 1415. In September 1793, the French nation resolved that the foundation of their new system of government should form their era; accordingly, their "Republic Calendar" was first used on November 26, 1793, but was discontinued December 31, 1805, when the "Calendar" used throughout the rest of Europe was resumed Tipperary, county of, placed under military law, in consequence of popular distur bances, Sept. 1815 Tithes were first established in England, in 894 Titles, first creation to, by patents, 1344. Titles Royal. The following is the suc cession in which the Royal titles swelled in England:-Henry IV. had the title of "Grace" conferred on him; Henry VI. that of" Excellent Grace;" Edward IV. that of Most High and Mighty Prince;" Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry VIII. "Majesty;" (and was the first and last that was styled "Dread Sovereign;") and James I. that of "Sacred," or "Most Excellent Majesty." That of "Majesty" was first given to Louis XI. of France; before, it was the title only of emperors; the kings of Arragon, Castile, and Portugal, had the title only of Highness;" those of England, "Your Grace;" those of France, "Your Despotism" Titles of honour abolished in France by the national assembly, 1790 Toll first demanded by the Danes of vessels passing the Sound, 1341 first paid by vessels passing Staden on the Elbe, 1190 on London-bridge ceased, Feb. 6, 1782 Tolls gathered in London, first for repairing the highways of Holborn, Gray's-inn-lane and St. Martin's-lane, 1346 Tomb of Necho discovered near the remains of Egyptian Thebes, by Belzoni, Oct. 18, 1817 Tombs of the Kings of France, in the abbey of St. Dennis, were ordered to be broken into by authority, Oct. 14, 1793 Tontines first established at Paris, 1653 Torture abolished in Sweden by order of the king, 1786 - in Poland, 1776 -abolished in France by edict, Aug. 25, 1780 abolished in Spain, Aug. 1814 Touching for the king's evil introduced by Edward the Confessor, 1056. This royal virtue and healing benediction ceased with the life of Queen Anne, who performed her miracle on Dr. Samuel Johnson, in the Lent of 1712, when the great English moralist was but thirty months old Tourlone, cardinal, high inquisitor of Rome, dragged out of his carriage by a mob, and hung on a gibbet, 50 feet high, 1786 Tournaments began in 170 instituted by Henry, Emperor of Germany, 919 Tragedy, the first acted at Athens, on a wag- queen Antoinette, 1793 of Hardy, Horne Tooke, and Thelwall, for high-treason, and their acquittal, 1794 of seven years' continuance of Warren Hastings, and acquittal, 1795 - and execution of Col. Despard and his associates, for high-treason, 1803 of Lord Melville, for malversation, 1806 and acquittal of Hone for blasphemy, Dec. 1817 - of Thistlewood, Watson &c. for hightreason, June 1817, and of Thistlewood and his associates for the Cato-street conspiracy, April 1820 of Caroline, consort of George IV., 1821 of Corder, for the murder of Maria Marten, 1828 of St. John Long, for the death of Miss Cashin, Oct. 23, 1830 of the French ministers Polignac, Peyronnet, &c. 1831 - of Cobbett, for sedition, and his acquittal on account of want of unanimity in the jury, 1831 - of Fieschi and his associates for attempting to assassinate the "citizen king," Louis Phillippe, with "the infernal machine," Feb. 19, 1835 - of Alibaud, July 11, 1835 Troy, destruction of, June 11, 1184, before Christ Trumpets first sounded before the kings of England, by order of Offa, king of Mercia, 790 Tuckey, Captain, expedition under, for exploring Africa, sailed March 20, 1816 Turkey trade began, 1550 ships navigated by Greek sailors, the first arrived in London, April 5, 1797 Turkish New Testament, the first printed in London, 1666 Turnpikes, first legally erected in England, Tweed Chain-bridge opened, July 26, 1800 UKRAINE, (The) colonized with Russians, 1752 of the two kingdoms, attempted, 1604, but failed again, 1670 -carried into effect, May 1, 1707, and thence the island is called Great Britain -union of Great Britain and Ireland took place, Jan. 1, 1801 Union of Norway and Sweden, 1814 VENEREAL disease brought into Europe in the Venus, her transit over the sun, June 2, 1600 alive at Rome, 337 before Christ, agreeable to the institutes of Numa Pompilius Vienna, Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia, made their solemn entry into, Sept. 25, 1814 other sovereigns arrived at, to form a congress, Sept. 26, 1814 discussions by their ministers commenced, Nov. 1, 1814 Voluntary contributions for the support of government against French measures, amounted to two millions and a half, 1798, and 200,000l. were transmitted to England from India, in 1799 annum having been on her by parliament cepted only of 35,000 returned to England t as Queen of England, -Princess Charlotte of, Warwick-house dism Regent in person, Jul -married to the Prince May 12, 1816, the ann for their lives havin settled upon them by died 1817 Wall, Joseph, governor of Wallis, Captain, embar of the seven years' wa of the American war of the French revolutionary wars, from 1793 to 1816.. Ward, John, of Hack House of Commons pilloried, May 16, 1726 Wars with Spain, betwe cost Queen Elizabeth 1 the double subsidy of 28 parliament. In the I spent 3,400,0002. in ten -the expenses of the war land 9,000,000Z. Votes of the House of Commons first Warsaw constituted a du printed, 1681 Voyage round the world, (See Circumnavi- Voyages of Discovery.-See North West WAGER, won by a young lady at Newmar- Wales, Prince of, committed to prison, for to the house of Saxony, Washington, captured by its superb national stru sumed by fire, in retaliat destruction of some defe Canada by the America Waste-lands, 2,837,000 acı England between the ye in Great Britain, by ex were found to be 22,35] if cultivated and encl annual increase of 9s. nual rent would amou and on a supposition t duce would be 17. 7s. rents, it would be wor annum to the commun Watch and ward bill enfor and the neighbouring vil Water-street mills, Birmi cupied a space of grou Haymarket, were entir fire, May 15, 1817. The estimated at 200,000. Water mixed with wine in the sacrament, first introduced, 122 - sold in the West Indies for 1s. a pail-full, 1731 Watson, James, tried for assaulting a patrole with a sword on the night succeeding the Spa-fields' riots, and acquitted, Jan. 21, 1817 -tried for high-treason as concerned in those riots, and acquitted, June 16, 1817 Weekly bills of mortality round London, began 1603 Weighing engine or beam, a public one set up in London, and all commodities ordered to be weighed by the city officer, called the weigh-master, who was to do justice between buyer and seller, stat. 3 Edward II. 1309 Wellington, Duke of, half a million voted to him by parliament, May 12, 1814 - an additional sum of 200,000%. voted to him, June 22, 1815 — appointed ambassador-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to the court of France, July 1814 first Lord of the treasury, 1828 Westminster-abbey, musical festival at, at which 9,000%. net profit were produced for the benefit of the Musical Benevolent Institutions, June 24, 1834 Whale-fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596 by the English at Spitsbergen, 1598 Whales (two spermaceti) caught on the coast of Essex, each measuring 65 feet in length, Dec. 19, 1763 - a spermaceti whale, whose length was 54 feet, and girth 38 feet, thrown on shore near Whitstable, Kent, Dec. 12, 1764 Whales killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only, 1578; the use of their bones and fins not then known, consequently no stays worn by ladies Wheat, sold for 20s. per quarter, equal to 6%. now, 1193, 1194, and 1195 beans for 12d. a quarter, and oats for 4d., 1216 wheat sold in some places for 12d. a quarter, and not many years after for 20s. a bushel, as much as 47. now, 1286 sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as 81. now, 1315 -sold for 37. a bushel, 1316 sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as 20s. a bushel now, 1335 sold in London for 4s. a quarter, 1493 in the reign of Whig and Tory factions took their rise about 1649, and were at their greatest height about 1704 Whitehall preachers first appointed by the two universities, April 5, 1724 White roses, several knocked down for wearing them, June 10, 1716 Wigs, full-bottom, were first worn by the judges in 1674 Williamson and family murdered at Ratcliff. highway, Dec. 20, 1811 Willingham boy lived, 1744 Wills to devise lands were first permitted under restrictions by Henry VIII. Universally all real property at the Restoration Wills of sovereigns, the first on record, Richard II., 1399 Witchcraft was pretty much believed in the 16th century; in the reign of Henry VII. a woman was executed for this supposed crime by the sheriff of Devon 600 were executed for it in France, 1609 Grandiere, a priest of London, burnt for bewitching a whole convent of nuns, 1634 -20 women were executed at Bretagne, 1654 -nine more were burnt in Poland, 1775 Witt, John de, the Dutch patriotic minister, and his brother Cornelius, torn in pieces by a frantic mob at the Hague, 1672 Wolf, the last known in Scotland was destroyed at Lochaber, by Sir Evan Cameron, who died in 1719 Wolves. A commission to hunt wolves, in the counties bordering on Wales, was granted so late as 1281, and in Scotland two centuries later in Louis XIVth's time a large party of dragoons were attacked and slain by a multitude of wolves at the foot of the mountains of Jurat. A cross, with an inscription, is still to be seen there several precipitated themselves on, and destroyed the curate of Aha (in the department of the Basses Pyrenees) on the 10th of January, 1830, as he was returning home on horseback, after adminis tering the sacrament -a calash, drawn by two enormous, was seen during the summer of 1824, in the streets of Munich. They were harnessed like carriage horses, and possessed great docility Wood's halfpence sent to Ireland, 1722 Wool. One pound of wool has been spun to the length as follows:-A lee of woollen yarn measures in length 80 yards A hank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists of seven lees. Twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed good spinning in the schools, 13,440 yards. Seventy hanks in the pound is esteemed superfine spinning at Norwich, 39,200 yards, or 21 miles. One hundred and fifty hanks in the pound, were spun in 1754, by Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, in Norfolk; and this was thought so extraordinary, that an account of it is registered at the Royal Society, 85,000 yards or 48 miles Woollen goods first exported from Ireland to a foreign market, Jan. 15, 1780 Wurtemberg, Frederick William the first king of, died, Oct. 30, 1816 YEAR.-Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582 ordered the commencement of the year to take place thenceforward on the 1st of January James VI., by proclamation, in 1600, altered the New Year's-day in Scotland, from the 25th of March to the 1st of January in George the Second's reign, in 1751, an Act was passed for equalising the style in Great Britain and Ireland, with that used in other countries of Europe Yellow fever made great ravages in the West India islands, 1794 Yeomen of the guards were the first military Yoke, the ceremony of making prisoners ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, FIRES, FROSTS, INUNDATIONS, STORMS, TEMPESTS, &c. ABBEVILLE, in France, nearly destroyed by Aislesbury had 30 houses burnt, May 6, 1773 Aldbourn, in Wilts, had 200 houses burnt, Alexandria library destroyed by fire 47 years Amphion frigate was blown up at Plymouth, stores, were destroyed by fire,July 6, 1791 Andover, Lord, killed, while delivering his fowling-piece to the servant, Jan. 8, 1801 Angouleme, Isle of, 16 persons killed by an explosion of gunpowder at, April 16, 1816 Anson frigate wrecked on the coast of Cornwall, Jan. 1808 Antoinette (Marie). At the celebration of the marriage of this unfortunate lady with the Dauphin (Louis XVI.) nearly 1,000 persons were trampled to death, and 2,000 wounded, from the confusion and terror oc casioned by the falling of sheets of fire from the exhibition of the fire-works, May 31, 1770 Apollo's temple at Antioch burnt, 362 before Christ Apollo frigate lost, and 40 of her convoy of West India ships off Portugal, three leagues north of Cape Mondego, April 2,1804 Archangel, in Russia, damaged by a dreadful fire, 1763; had 200 houses destroyed by a fire, Oct. 16, 1777; its cathedral and other public edifices burnt, June 29, 1793, making together 3,000 dwellings Archindschan, in Turkey, destroyed by an earthquake, when 12,000 inhabitants were buried in the ruins, 1784 Arniston tranports, wrecked near Cape La- Arsenal, (The) at Corunna in Spain, destroy- Astley's theatre and 19 houses destroyed by again, Sept. 2, 1803, when 40 houses were burnt Attaquia, in Syria, was destroyed by an earthquake, with 3,000 inhabitants, May 5, 1796 Aubern, in Wiltshire, had 72 dwellings, of 20,000. value, destroyed by a fire, Sept. 12, 1760 Aurora frigate lost, never heard of after, 1771 Avelino, a city of Naples, destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 29, 1732 Azores, an island, about a mile in circumference, and 300 feet high, formed off the coast of, by volcanic eruption, 1811 |