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VACCINE INOCULATION introduced, 1796, by |
Dr. Jenner, who received 10,000l. for the
discovery, from parliament, 1802
-a national institution for the promotion
of, established 1809

Vellum (invention of) has been usually,
though erroneously, ascribed to Attalus,
king of Pergamus, now Bergamo; but the
art of writing upon the skins, was known
long before the time of Attalus, and is
assignable to Eumenes, king of Pergamus,
the contemporary with Ptolemy Philadel
phus, whose motive for giving his atten-
tion to the improvement of vellum, was as
follows: The Egyptian monarch was
anxiously employed in perfecting his
magnificent library at Alexandria; with
these feelings and views, he prohibited the
exportation of the papyrus from his domi-
nions, that he might not be subjected to
the inconvenience of wanting paper for
the multitude of scribes, whom he con-
stantly employed to copy the MSS. which
he had, by means of skilful emissaries,
collected in every part of the known
world

Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales,
1740

Vesta, a new planet, discovered by Dr. Ol-
bers, at Bremen, March 29, 1807
Vine-dressers, (a colony of) from Phocæa, in
Ionia, settled at Marseilles, who instructed
the South-Gauls in tillage, vine-dressing,
and commerce, about 600 B.C. Some
think the vines are natives of Langue-
doc and Provence, and that they grew
spontaneously on the Mediterranean shores
of Italy, France, and Spain

Vines planted in Germany and North Gaul,
276

--and sugar-canes planted in Madeira, 1420 Violins invented, about 1477, and introduced here by Charles II.

Umbrellas introduced into England by Hanway, the philanthropist

Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered, 218

WATCHES invented at Nuremburgh, in Germany, 1477

first used in astronomical observations, 1500

the Emperor Charles V. was the first who had any thing that might be called a watch, though some call it a small tableclock, 1530

first brought into England from Germany, 1577

spring pocket, invented by Hooke, 1658 Water first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st Henry III., 1237. It took near 50 years to complete it; the whole being finished, and Cheapside conduit erected, only in 1285

-engine erected at Broken-wharf, to convey
water by leaden pipes, 1594
-the New River brought to London from

Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an im-
mense expense, by Sir Hugh Middleton,

in 1614

Water. The City supplied with water, by conveyances of wooden pipes in the streets, and small leaden ones to the house, and the New River Company incorporated, 1620. So late as Queen Anne's time there were water-carriers at Aldgate pump, as they are now at Edinburgh

The

Water (supply of.) The number of tenants
supplied by the New-river Company is
between 66,000 and 67,000, and the quan-
tity of water which is daily supplied ex-
ceeds 13,000,000 gallons, being about
2,000,000 cubic feet. The number of
tenants supplied by the East London
Water-works, is about 42,000, and the
daily consumption of water is nearly
6,000,000 gallons, or about 950,000 cubic.
feet. The West Middlesex Water-works
supply about 15,000 houses. The average
daily supply is about 2,250,000 gallons, or
about 360,000 cubic feet. The Chelsea
Water-works supply 12,400 houses. The
average daily supply being about 1,760,000
gallons, or 282,000 cubic feet.
Grand Junction Company supply 7,700
tenants, whose daily consumption of wa-
ter is about 2,800,000 gallons, or 450,000
cubic feet. From whence it appears, that
the quantity of water daily supplied in the
Metropolis, on the northern side of the
Thames, is nearly 26,000,000 of gallons,
and the number of houses supplied a-
mounts to about 144,000. The average
daily consumption of each house is about
180 gallons. Of this water more than one-
half of which is derived from the Thames,
a large portion is delivered at very consi-
derable elevations above the level of the
river, constituting what is called high
service; for which purpose 15 steam-
engines are employed, exerting a power of
about 1,105 horses. The Lambeth Water-
works supply about 16,000 tenants, who
consume 1,244,000 gallons of water daily,
or about 200,000 cubic feet. The Vaux.
hall, or South London Water-works sup-
ply about 10,000 houses with nearly
1,000,000 gallons daily, or 160,000 cubic
feet. The Southwark Water-works sup-
ply 7,000 houses with about 720,000 gal.
lons, or 115,000 cubic feet of water daily.
The whole of the water which these Com-
panies supply, is from the Thames, and
amounts to nearly 3,000,000 gallons, or
485,000 cubic feet daily, and is distributed
among 33,000 tenants, 1828. From the report
of the commissioners appointed under the
great seal, in the year 1828, to enquire into
the state of the supply of water in the me-
tropolis, it appears that the water supplied
from the Thames, within the London dis-
trict, has, within the last 15 years, suffered
a considerable deterioration, from the pol-
lution it undergoes from the great increase
of certain manufactures, and the propor-
tional augmentation of extraneous matter
it receives from the increase in the popu.
lation of London and its suburbs; and,
that no clarification, by filtration, can

entirely free it from such foreign matter, if held in solution, or in a very comminuted state, though filtration will free it from suspended impurities

Waterloo Cæsarian Evergreen Cabbage-tree, introduced into England, 1835 Water-mills for grinding corn were invented by Belisarius, while besieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. The ancients parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars. Afterwards mills were invented, which were turned by men and beasts with great labour; and yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by water

Weavers, (two) from Brabant, settled at York; "which (says King Edward) may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects," 1331

Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-throwsters, &e. (Flemish) settled at Canterbury, Norwich, Sandwich, Colchester, Maidstone, Southampton, &c. on account of the duke of Alva's persecution, 1567. They taught the English the making of baize, serges, Norwich crapes, &c. The baize-makers chiefly settled at Colchester

Weaving-machine, invented by the Rev. Edmund Cartwright, 1804

Weights and measures invented, 869 B.C. fixed to a standard, in England, 1257 regulated, 1492

- alteration according to the imperial standard, May 1, 1825

Whalebone found by the English ships at Cape Breton, 1521

-first mentioned to have been brought home with oil, 1617

Wig, the first worn in England, was by Sexton, fool to King Henry VIII. It cost 20s. and was paid for by the king's

treasurer

Wild-fire invented by a Grecian, 663
Wind-guns invented at Nuremberg, 1560
Windmills invented, 1299

Windows of glass first used in England, for houses, 1180

Wind saw-mill invented, 1633; and erected near the Strand, London, by a Dutchman Wine first made in England, 1140 -in Flanders, 276

Wine from raisins first made in England, in 1635

Wire invented at Nuremberg, 1351

mills invented in Germany, 1563
mill, the first set up at Sheen, by a Dutch-
man, 1663

Woad, a plant used for dyeing, first culti vated in England, 1582

were

the fixing its colour discovered, 1753 Wood-cuts invented, 1460 Woollen-cloth (manufacturers of) in all civilized countries, and in very remote ages, and probably of linen also. Diodorus Siculus, who wrote in Augustus Cæsar's time, 21 B.C., relates, "that in the Isle of Malta, several mercantile wares made, particularly very fine cloth." Strabo, speaking of Turtetania, in Lusitania, says, "that cloths were formerly the exports of that country, but that they had then another woollen manufacture of most excellent beauty, such as that of the Corai, a people of Asia, from whence the rams were brought at a talent each, or 100%." Until the introduction of the Saxony wool, Europe was dependant for its supply on Spain; but since the introduction of the breed of Spanish Merino sheep, in Germany, by the late king of Saxony, when elector, during the revolutionary war of France, the English market has been chiefly supplied with Saxony-wool, and the demand for that commodity has been so great, that the consumption in 1828, was 23,110,882 lbs.

Woollen-cloth manufactures commenced at Sedan, in France, 1646

first made in England, was in 1331

- medley cloths first made, 1614

greatly improved by the Walloons, 1688 first dyed and dressed in England, in 1667

Worker's (70 families of cloth), from the Netherlands, settled in England, by Ed. ward III.'s invitation, for promoting the woollen manufactures, 1330

Wormwood, and other plants, used for preserving malt-liquors, before the use of hops, 1492

Writing by ciphers was much used in this country, in the 17th century. It consists of substituting figures for words, the meaning of the figures being previously known by the party receiving the letter

YEAR (the solar) found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 285

introduced by Cæsar, 45 B.C. Yellow dye for cotten invented by Dr. R. Williams, 1773

ZODIAC (signs of the) invented by Anaximander, 547, B.C.

DISCOVERIES AND SETTLING OF COUNTRIES.

AMERICA first discovered by Columbus, Oct. | America had negro-slaves first carried to it, 11, 1492

so named by Americus Vespuccius, 1497 - not known to the French till 1504

1508

- North, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, 1497

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America, North, settled, in 1610

- South, by Americus Vespuccius, 1497
North-west, explored by Captain Cook, in
1778

- by Captain James Colnett, in 1789
Andreanoffsy isles, between Asia and Ame-
rica, discovered, 1760

Angola settled by the Portuguese, 1482
Anguilla, in the Caribbees, first planted by
the English, 1650

Antigua settled by the English, 1632
Archangel (passage to) discovered, 1553
Aruba isle planted by Holland, 1634
Azore isles discovered by the Portuguese,

1449

BAFFIN'S BAY discovered, 1622

Bahama isles discovered, 1629

-- taken possession of by the English, Dec.
1718

Barbadoes discovered and planted, 1614
Barbuda isle first planted by the English,

1628

Barrington isle, one of the Gallapagos, ex-
plored, June, 1793

Batavia, in the isle of Java, first fortified by
the Dutch, 1618

Bermuda isles, first discovered, 1527
settled, 1612

Boston, in New England, built, 1630
Botany Bay settlement, first sailed from
England, March 21, 1787

Bourbon isle, planted by the French, 1672
Brazil discovered, 1486

settled by the Spaniards, 1515

by the Dutch, 1624

-taken from Holland by the Portuguese,
1654

Britain first discovered to be an island,
about A.D. 90

CALEDONIA, in America, settled, 1699

- New, discovered by Captain Cook, in
1774

California discovered by Cortes, 1543

taken possession of by Sir F. Drake, 1578
Canada discovered by Cabot, 1499
-explored by the French, 1508, 1524, and

1534

- settled, 1540

- Quebec built, 1608

taken first by England, 1628

Canary isles discovered, and granted to
Spain, 1344

- explored, 1393

Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, disco-
vered, 1441

Cape Breton discovered by the English, 1584
yielded to France, 1632
taken by England, 1745

-restored, 1748

again taken and kept, 1758

Cape de Verde islands discovered, 1447
Cape of Good Hope discovered, 1487

- planted by the Dutch, 1651

Cape Horn first sailed round, 1616
-Straits discovered, 1643
Carolina discovered, 1497
-planted, 1629

Carribbee isles discovered, 15
Cat's isle, one of the Bahama
covery in America by Colu
Cayenne isle first planted b
1635

Ceylon (The isle of) discovere
Charlotte's (Queen), island

Captain Wallis, 1767
-is'ands, a cluster so called
Captain Carteret, 1767
Chatham isle, one of the G
plored, June, 1793

Chili discovered by Spain, 151
invaded by the Spaniards,
China first visited by the Port
conquered by the Eastern
Christopher's (Isle of St.) disc

settled by the English, 162
Congou kingdom discovered,
by the Portuguese, 1482
Crimea settled by Russia, 178
Cuba discovered by Columbus
settled, in 1511

Curacoa settled by the Dutch

DARIEN settled, 1700

Davis's Straits discovered, 15
De la Plata river discovered,
Deseada isle discovered by C
Domingo (Isle of St.), discove
- city founded by Columb

1

1494
Dominica discovered by Col
1493

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St. Lawrence river discovered and explored by the French, 1508

Montserrat in the West Indies, discovered St. Salvador, the first land discovered in the

by Columbus, 1493

- planted by England, 1632

NEVIS planted by England, 1628
New Caledonia discovered, 1774

New England planted by the Puritans, 1620 Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, June 24, 1497

- settled, 1614

New Guinea discovered, 1699

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1628
founded by the English, Jan. 26, 1788
New Jersey, in America, planted by the
Swedes, 1637

New Spain, or Mexico, discovered, 1518
New Zealand discovered, 1660

explored in 1769

New Plymouth built and settled, 1620
New York settled, 1664

Nootka, in the N. W. of America, discovered, 1778

-settled by the English, 1789
North-east passage to Russia discovered, 1553
Nova Scotia settled, 1622
Nova Zembla discovered, 1553

OTAHEITE, or George the Third's Island, discovered, June 18, 1765

West Indies, or America, by Columbus, October 11, 1492

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REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, PHENOMENA,

ABSTINENCE (pretended) of Ann Moor, of
Tutbury, Staffordshire, living 16 days
without food, Nov. 1808; discovered to be
an impostor, May 4, 1813; imprisoned as
such, Feb. 1816

Aerolites. (See Showers, page 126.)
Ardesoif (John) a young man of large for-
tune, resident at Tottenham, addicted to
the savage sport of cock-fighting, but his
favourite cock, on which he had won many
profitable matches, causing him to lose his
last bet, its barbarous owner had it roast-
ed alive, and in a fit of passion he himself
dropped down dead, April, 1789
Arkholm (Isle of), Lincolnshire, the body of
a female discovered in a peatmoss, Jan.
1747

Aurora Borealis, about forty columns, which
formed the most beautiful luminous ap-
pearance of this meteoric phenomena ever
observed in our latitude, appeared from
eight to ten o'clock, Sept. 29, 1828
Azores (the Island of) divided into two by
an earthquake, which buried ten thousand
persons in the ruins, July 9th, 1757

BALL of fire fell, during a thunder-storm,
upon a public-house in Wapping, which
instantaneously set fire to it and the house
adjoining, July 4, 1803

Bicephalus, or double-formed child, Chris

tina Ritta, born in Sardinia, March 12, 1829
Blood (shower of) fell about the beginning
of the year 1608, near the suburbs of the
Aix, and for many miles around
Bog of Castlegard or Poulenard, in the
county of Louth, in Ireland, moved in a
body from its original situation to a dis-
tance of some miles, crossing the high-road
towards Doon, covering every thing in its
way, at least twenty feet in many parts,
and throwing down several bridges,
houses, &c. Dec. 20, 1793

Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, the birth-
place of King Henry IV. the last standing
remains of, fell down, May, 1815
Borge, a seat near Frederickstadt, in Nor-
way, sunk into an abyss 100 fathoms deep,
which instantly became a lake, and
drowned 14 persons, with 240 head of
cattle, 1702

Bosia (the village of), at Piedmont, near
Turin, suddenly sunk, together with above
200 of its inhabitants, April 8, 1679
Bossen or Penguin island, at the western ex-
tremity of Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope,
entirely disappeared, supposed by an
earthquake, 1809

Boston, the tide breaking down the bank of

the sea, deluged the town and the country
round for many miles, Nov. 10, 1810

Brixton, in Norfolk, (the gro

very considerable extent, feet, June, 1788 Bulkeley (a hill at), near Ches trees on it of a considerable down, on July 8, 1657, into so very deep that the top were not to be seen Burning hill or cliff, on the coast of Weymouth Bay, island of Portsmouth, appea 16, 1827

CANNON-BALL weighing 961bs ing 30 inches in circumfere the ruins of the castle of I 1811

Charles the First, (the sword

straps fell from the eques at Charing-cross, April 14, Coffin, stone one, cut out of containing a complete skel der the parish church in Le built 700 years ago, 1809 supposed to contain the queen of Edward IV. a children, discovered in sey's chapel at Windsor, -stone one, of immense size

perfect skeleton of a mar entire, discovered in digg Burford, in Oxfordshire, supposed to have been in the middle of the 8t 20, 1814 Combustion (spontaneous) of in the church-yard of Plain and of the roots of trees, Magland, Savoy, Aug. 1832 - of turpentine, in Mr. Mur

distillery, Ireland, May

- of a fountain in Italy, May

REMARKABLE OCCURREN Combustion, spontaneous.ous Human Combustion.) Column of fire appeared in t 30 days, 390

Comets (the principal) hav
England, 1680, 1682, 1759
during the months of Mar
November

Biela's comet, Sept. 24th. the great comet, Aug. 23 Conjunction of the sun and m planets took place, 1186

DARKNESS (an unaccountab
in England, so that no per
read, Jan. 12, 1679
A similar darkness at Qu
America, Sept. 16, 1785

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