thousand pounds, but more probably a misprint for eight thousand pounds, caused Charles to delay it, and his political troubles soon put an end to that design. He painted three pictures of Charles on horseback, one of which is at Windsor, one at Hampton Court, and one at Warwick Castle. Rubens came only to this country as an ambassador, but was saved. Cromwell himself secured the cartoons of Raphael for three hundred pounds, and thus preserved them to the nation, and as soon as he had the authority, he put a stop to the sale of the royal collections, and even detained many that were sold. The native artists of this period were chiefly pupils of Rubens or Vandyck. Jamieson, called the Scotch Vandyck, was a pupil of Rubens at the same time with VandyckCharles sate to him. William Dobson, a pupil of Vandyck, was serjeant-painter to Charles, and Robert Walker, of the Vandyck school, was Cromwell's favourite painter, to whom we owe several admirable portraits of the protector. There were also several miniature painters of the highest meritthe two Olivers, Hoskins, and Cooper. Up to this period engravings had become by no means prominent in England. That there had been engravers we know from various books having been illustrated by them. Geminus and Humphrey Lloyd were employed by Ortelius, of Antwerp, on his "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum." Aggas had executed a great plan of London, and Saxon county maps. Various Flemish and French engravers found employment here, as Vostermans, De Voerst, and Peter Lombard. Hollar, Bohemian, was employed extensively till the outbreak of the war, and illustrated Dugdale's, as well as other works But the chief English engraver of this period was John Payne. Sculpture was by no means in great advance at this period. There were several foreign artists employed in this country on tombs and monuments, but as they did not st Anthony Vandyck. Charles seized the opportunity to get him to paint the apotheosis of James on the ceiling of the Banqueting House at Whitehall. This he, however, merely sketched whilst here, and painted it at Antwerp, receiving three thousand pounds for it. The duke of Buckingham purchased Rubens's private collection of paintings, chiefly of the Italian school, but containing some of his own, for ten thousand pounds. These were sold by the long parliament, and now adorn the palaces of the Escurial at Madrid, and the Belvidere palace at Vienna. In our opinion, the large pictures in the latter gallery, "St. Francis Xavier preaching to the Indians," and "Loyola casting out Devils," are amongst the very finest of his productions-a great loss to this country. Charles, besides making collections, and drawing round him great artists, projected the establishment of an academy of arts on a princely scale. But this remained only an idea, through the breaking out of the revolution. The parliament, in 1645, caused all such pictures at Whitehall as contained any representation of the Saviour or the Virgin, to be burnt, and the rest to be sold. Fortunately there were persons in power who had more rational notions, and much The Crucifixion. By Vandyck. that date put their names upon them, it is difficult to attri bute to every man his own. Amongst these Le Soeur, who executed the equestrian statue of Charles I. at Charing Cross, Angier, and Du Val were the chief. John Stone, ARCHITECTURE. master mason to the king, was by far the most skilful native sculptor. Amongst his best efforts are the monuments of Sir This is the epoch of the commencement of classical archiGeorge Hollis at Westminster, and the statue of Sir Finnis tecture. The grand old Anglo-gothic had run its course. Hollis also at Westminster. Sir Dudley Carlton's tomb at It fell with the catholic church, or continued only in a Westminster, and Sutton's tomb at the Charter House are mongrel and degraded state, showing continually the proalso his. But the greatest boon to sculpture was the intro-gress of its decline. From Henry VIII. to James this state duction of the remains of ancient art by the earl of Arundel of things continued; the miserable mesquin style, which sucat this period, still called the Arundel Marbles. ceeded the downfall of the picturesque Tudor, being the only architecture. The change to the classical was destined to be made by Inigo Jones, who stands the great name of this period. Jones had studied in Italy, and became aware of the graceful style which Vitruvius had introduced by mo of the masques which Ben Jonson wrote for the queen of James I. He was appointed architect to the queen and prince Henry. On the death of the prince he returned to Italy, and on his return he was appointed surveyor-general of the dulation of the ancient Greek and Roman, and which Palladio | royal buildings. The first thing which he planned was the had raised to perfection. The great merit of Jones is that design for an immense palace for James on the site of he imported Palladio's style substantially and completely, Whitehall. There is a simple grandeur in the drawings of it which are left, which may fairly entitle him to a reputation for the introduction of an elegant domestic architecture, but does not warrant the extravagant terms of eulogy as a Castle Ashby. ready as it was to his hands, and wholly unknown in this country. By this means Jones acquired a reputation for genius which nothing that he has left justifies his claim to. He was first engaged in designing the scenery and machinery An Inn Yard. gigantic genius, which have been lavished on him. The only portion of this palace which was built is the present banqueting House at Whitehall, being the termination of the great façade, and which certainly contains nothing very TO 1660.] MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PERIOD. remarkable. Jones added a back front to Somerset House, and a west front to St. Paul's, neither of which remain. That Inigo Jones was far from having conceived the true principles of architecture was shown by the fact that his west front of old St. Paul's was a classical one engrafted on a Gothic building, and this solecism he was continually repeating. One of the most glaring instances of the kind, is a classical screen which he raised in the Norman cathedral of Durham. Amongst the chief remaining buildings of Inigo Jones, and from which an idea of his talent may be drawn, are St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, of which Quatremère de Quincy says, the most remarkable thing about it is the reputation that it enjoys; York Stairs, Ashburnham House, Westminster, a house on the west side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, originally built for the earl of Lindsay, Surgeon's Hall, an addition to St. John's College, Oxford, and by far his finest work, Heriot's Hospital at Edinburgh. The general aspect of our towns and streets remained the same at this period as in the former. James issued proclamation after proclamation, ordering the citizens to leave off the half-timbered style, and build the fronts at least entirely of brick or stone; but this was little attended to, and many a strange old fabric continued to show the fashions of past ages. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 399 Elizabeth, there was a certain dignity and outward decorum preserved, but James introduced such a coarseness and grossness of manner, such low debauch and buffoonery, that even the salutary restraint which fashion had imposed, was Old House in London. stripped away, and all classes exhibited the most revolting features. In the reign of Henry, Edward, and Elizabeth, we had such women as the daughters of Sir Thomas More, lady Jane Grey, Catherine Parr, and others, who cultivated literature and philosophy, the queens Mary and Elizabeth setting themselves the example in reading and translating the most illustrious classical authors. But after James came in, notwithstanding all his learned pedantry, you hear nothing more of such tastes amongst the court ladies, and it is very singular that amid that blaze of genius which distinguished the time under review, we find no traces of feminine genius there. On the contrary, both our own dramatists and foreign writers describe the morals and manners of women of rank as almost destitute of delicacy and probity. They are described as mingling with gentlemen in taverns amid tobacco smoke, songs, and conversation of the most ribald character. That they allowed freedoms which would startle women of the lowest rank in these times, were desperate gamblers, and those who had the opportunity were wholesale dealers in political influence. Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, boasts of that he was accustomed to Whilst such women as the If we are to believe the memoir writers and dramatists of the effect of the bribes this period, the national manners and morals had suffered a distribute amongst them. decided deterioration. Licentious as was the court of queen infamous and murderous countess of Essex and the dowager countess Villiers were the leading stars of the | Spain, and the enormous foppery of his apparel. He had a court, the tone of morals must be low indeed. Whilst dress of uncut white velvet, covered all over with diamonds, the ladies were of this stamp, we cannot expect the valued at eighty thousand pounds, a great feather of diagentlemen to have been better, and there is no doubt but monds, another dress of purple satin covered with pearls, that the honours and wealth and royal favour heaped on valued at twenty thousand pounds, and his sword, girdle, such men as Somerset, Hay, Ramsay, and Buckingham, hatbands, and spurs were thickly studded with diamonds. He had besides these, fiveand-twenty other dresses of great richness, and his numerous attendants imitated him according to their means. They began now to patch their faces with black plaister, because the officers who had served in the German wars wore such to cover their scars; Tradesmen's Signs. made debauchery and villainy quite fashionable. The character of Englishmen on their travels, Howell tells us, was expressed in an Italian proverb : Inglese Italianato E Diavolo incarnato. and the ladies did the same. Duelling was now Old London We may imagine the feeling with which the sober and religious puritans beheld all this, and the proud contempt with which their strictures were received. When the civil war broke out, which was a war of religious reform as much as of political, the An Italianised Englishman is a devil incarnate. This was puritans displayed a grave manner, a sober-coloured dress, |