whole life could have made any parade of?" - Discourse by way of Vision concerning the Government of Oliver Cromwell. Works, p. 71.: Lond. 1668, fol. To do Dr. South only common justice, we must not for a moment forget this fact. He does not congratulate Cromwell upon wading "through blood and slaughter to a throne;" but he compliments him upon reducing the enemies of EngIand to submission. Besides, at this time the Dutch were peculiarly hostile to England. There was a long outstanding debt of punishment due to them, and the heart of any English subject must have leaped for joy when that debt was exacted. The Letters and Despatches of the great Lord Strafforde abound with allusions to the matter (e. g. pp. 22.397., vol. i.: Dublin, 1740, fol.). And, unless I grievously mistake, the following statements are facts. The blood of the English subjects barbarously massacred by the Dutch at Amboyna had never been avenged. The Dutch had helped on in every way the Scotch and English fanatics in their rebellion against King Charles I. They had refused the outcast Charles II. shelter in their dominions, and "did warm their hands at those unhappy flames which they themselves had kindled; tuning their merry harps, when others were weeping over a kingdom's funeral." (The Dutch Usurpation, &c., p. 25.: Lond. 1672, 4to.) Thus, not merely had England in general a blood feud with the Dutch, but the Royalists in particular had additional causes of complaint. And if I am to credit the tract from which I have just quoted, " Amsterdam was made the great emporium or market for the rebels to sell those rich and costly goods which they had plundered from his Majesty's best subjects in England (whereas no king or prince in Christendom would suffer them to make use of any of their ports to that purpose); and the best furniture that some of the States have in their houses at this very day, are many of those stolen goods." - The Dutch Usurpation, p. 25. : Lond. 1672, 4to. It is rather amusing to find, that one of Wood's anecdotes against South, which he takes from the Mirabilis Annus, must have related to this same year: and yet it happened when he was about "to lash severely the sectaries of his house, and of University" (Biog. Brit., sub voc. SOUTH, note в.). But the crowning accusation against South is the following: the "The fact is, that Owen and South were both at that time the friends of Cromwell; or if South was not his friend, he was at least his open partizan, and had also professedly adopted the religious opinions of the Protector's party, having appeared at St. Mary's as the great champion for Calvinism against the Arminians." All this statement, and almost all that follows, is adopted by VINDEX from Wood (Ath. Ox., iv. pp. 633, 634., edit. Bliss), with this startling and deliberate omission on the part of VINDEX: "He appeared the great champion for Calvinism against Socinianism and Arminianism." There is a remarkable note by South himself to his "Good Friday Sermon" upon Isaiah liii. 8., which was preached before the University of Oxford in 1668. Having mentioned Dr. Pococke's opinion of Grotius, he goes on to say: "There was a certain party of men whom Grotius had unhappily engaged himself with, who were extremely disgusted at the Book de Satisfactione Christi, written by him against Socinus; and therefore he was to pacify (or rather satisfy) these men, by turning his pen another way in his Annotations, which also was the true reason that he never answered Crellius; a shrewd argument, no doubt, to such as shall well consider those matters, that those in the Low Countries, who at that time went by the name of Remonstrants and Arminians, were indeed a great deal more."-Vol. i. p. 482. Dublin, 1720, fol. Whether South's conclusion were right or wrong, is quite beside my purpose to inquire. Dr. Hammond, in his controversy with Owen, rested his defence of Grotius on the de Satisfactione Christi (Orme's Memoirs of Owen, p. 223.), and declared it unjust to pronounce him heretical on the testimony of his posthumous works. In South's mind, as we have seen, the Remonstrant party were associated with "a great deal more;" but it is utterly false, and utterly unjust, to suppose that at any period of his life he held or maintained either extreme Calvinistic or extreme Arminian views. He always leant more to the school of Sanderson than of Jeremy Taylor: and whatever opinions he preached in his first sermons, he preached half a century after in his last. Besides, that he maintained these doctrines from the University pulpit during the life of Cromwell, proceeds on the wanton and gratuitous assumption that he preached before his ordination. I know that Wood apparently gives credit to a cowardly insinuation of the kind; but South himself, in the Epistle Dedicatory to Interest Deposed and Truth Restored, which was preached July 24th, 1659, declared that it, and the following sermon (on Ecclesiastical Policy the Best Policy), were his first essays of divinity." It was the first of these two sermons that pleased the Presbyterians, from some sarcasms upon Unton Croke, who was the colonel of a regiment of horse, and a leader of the Independent party. It was the same sermon also that won the applause of Dr. Edward Reynolds, who was present when it was delivered. But whatever party it pleased or displeased, there is scarcely another sermon in the English language that, for bold and fearless truthfulness, can be compared with it. Bishop Ken, in his 66 ever-memorable sermon upon Micah vii. 8, 9., was not more out-spoken. (Prose Works, pp. 174., Lond. 1838, 8vo.; and Life, by a Layman, pp. 258 -273., Lond. 1851, 8vo.) Besides, this sermon is beyond measure valuable as proving the principles upon which South himself, and so many others, must have acted during the Usurpation. He declares that in times of persecution a layman may consult his safety, either by ❘ withdrawing his person, or concealing his judgment; but that a clergyman, as a public character, must not resort to any such evasions of duty. And then he thus speaks of himself in language which I do verily believe he would have acted out: "And were it put to my choice, I think I should choose rather with spitting and scorn to be tumbled into the dust in blood, bearing witness to any known truth of our dear Lord, now opposed by the enthusiasts of the present age, than by a denial of those truths through blood and perjury wade to a sceptre, and lord it in a throne." Some time during the preceding year South had been ordained, and I do not think that the bitterest enemies of either the Independents or Presbyterians need grudge them his so-called compliments. But long before that time, South and Owen must have been open enemies. When South was magister replicans, in 1658, he turned the whole system of Cromwell and Owen into ridicule, and satirised Cromwell's poet-laureate (Pain Fisher) under the name of Piscator (Op. Post. Latina, pp. 46. 54.). And then, if the anecdote mentioned in the Memoirs of South be true, that Owen was mainly indebted to him for the opposition to his election as University member, this shifts the matter back to 1654. The learned biographer of Owen (Memoirs, p. 147.) does not seem to doubt the truth of this statement, but certainly there is some confusion somewhere: for the Memoirs of South (p. 8.) ascribe his opposition to Owen as a piece of retaliation for Owen's treatment of him when commencing A.M. The last must certainly be a mistake, for Owen was candidate for the representation of Oxford University in 1654, and South only commenced A.M. in 1657. As to the charge against South, that he was ambitious of preferment, the facts I produced in my former letter annihilate it at once. I believe that very soon after his ordination, he was an eager and disappointed candidate for a canonry in Christ Church, but then, as University orator, the said canonry was his lawful due. Wood and the Biog. Brit. acknowledge this fact. And South himself states it in his Latin speech at the installation of the Earl of Clarendon as Chancellor of the Oxford University, Sept. 9, 1661 (Op. Post. Lat. pp. 72, 73. and note.). Islip Church and parish, in Oxfordshire, will yield the best testimony to his bounty; and his last will and testament prove that in death he was not un mindful of that church which, in life, he had defended and adorned. I cannot better conclude this very long Note than by quoting the words of Sir Richard Steele, when speaking of South's sermon on The Ways of Pleasantness : " This charming discourse has in it whatever wit and wisdom can put together. This gentleman has a talent of making all his faculties bear to the great end of his hallowed profession. Happy genius! He is the better man for being a wit. The best way to praise this author is to quote him."- Tatler, 205. Warmington. PETER BELON'S "OBSERVATIONS." (Vol. vi., p. 267.) RT. Not having perceived any answer to MR. CYRUS REDDING's recent inquiry respecting this work, I beg to state that it is much less rare and much better known than the querist supposes. A copy was formerly in my possession; but as it is not at present in my library, I transcribe the following notice of it from the Introduction to the Pictorial History of Palestine. Speaking of the few who have visited Palestine as professed naturalists, it is said: "The first of these was Peter Belon, who spent three years (1546-1549) in exploring the Levant at the expense of Cardinal de Tournon. He travelled in Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. He gave his principal attention to the various animal and vegetable products which occurred to his notice, without overlooking topographical matters and the manners of the people. His account of Palestine is short, but exceeding valuable from the number of its products which he enumerates. The name of Belon is well known to general naturalists; but the results of his researches have rarely been referred to by writers on the natural history of the Bible. His name is not, for instance, given by Dr. Harris in his list of authorities." On reference to a French biographical dictionary, I find that Belon was born in 1518, and was assassinated by one of his enemies at Paris in 1564. He was the author of several well-esteemed works on natural history, of which the principal are: De Arboribus Coniferis, Paris, 1553, in 4to.; Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux, 1555, in folio (very rare in this edition); Portraits des Oyseaux, 1557, in 4to.; Histoire des Poissons, 1551, in 4to.; De la Nature et Diversité des Poissons, 1555, in 8vo. oblong. Belon was a Doctor of Medicine of the faculty of Paris. JOHN KITTO. MR. REDDING will find, on reference to Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, vol. i., that the work he describes, though not very common, must be pretty well known to collectors in that department of literature, as five editions are described, the dis That Wapping was at one time the abode of science and literature receives some countenance from what I am about to state respecting its adjoining fragrant and elegant rival, Ratcliff Highway. In Lewis' Topographical Dictionary (art. "Stepney"), when speaking of the Coopers' Company's School in the hamlet of Ratcliffe, it is stated that here "Bishop Andrews and several other distinguished persons received the rudiments of their education;" which quotation is partly confirmed by the Rev. Peter Hall in his preface to the bishop's Preces Private Quotidiane (Pickering, 1848): "Natus videlicet nec parentibus locupletibus, nec stirpe nobili, grammatices rudimenta in schola Ratcliviana, dein incrementa philologiæ in Academia Londinensi Mercatorum Scissorum, accepit." Will you allow me, therefore, instead of attempting to answer the above Query, to found upon it another, namely, whether any of the "other distinguished persons" referred to are known to fame? This question possesses some interest at the present time from the species of resuscitation which has recently taken place in that once celebrated school, the archives of which are singularly destitute of any trace of its former memorabilia. Kilburn. A. W. I am rather surprised to read MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE'S Note under this head, and I should suppose his notion of Wapping must be formed from such a cursory view as is obtainable from the deck of a steamer, on a trip to Dover or Ramsgate. Is he aware that the neighbourhood of Wapping comprises several streets and squares of private houses occupied by the merchant seamen of the port of London, by whom the High Street of Wapping is resorted to for the necessaries of life as much as the more splendid shops at the west end of the town are by the residents in that locality? and that, in the neighbourhood in question, every tenth shop, or thereabouts, is that of a maker of such mathematical instruments as are principally used in navigation? such shops being usually distinguished by their sign of a figure of a naval officer using the requisite implements for "taking an observation:" it being moreover to be observed, that many of these shops are nearly in the same condition, even as regards their shop fronts, as they have been for a century or more. Is it then at all remarkable that there should have been "a Mathematical Society of Wapping" in the year 1750? and is it not most probable that there may be a similar one now, or more likely several, of one or other of which every assistant and apprentice in the trade is likely to be an enrolled member? I do not know that such is the case, but I certainly should look for such a society in that neighbourhood, rather than either in "Belgravia" or "Tyburnia." М. Н. REV. PETER (HENRY) LAYNG: "THE ROD," A POEM. (Vol. vi., p. 317.) I have a copy of this poem, for which your correspondent E. D. has searched without success. The title is "The Rod, a poem in three cantos, by Henry Layng, Fellow of New College, Oxford: 'Ponite crudeles iras, et flagra, magistri, Fæda ministeria, atque minis absistite acerbis. Vidæ Poet., lib. i. ver. 238. Oxford: printed by W. Jackson in the High Street, 1753, 4to., pp. 46." The following is the argument which precedes the poem: "King Alfred, having established the English constitution, sends an embassy to all the learned academies of Europe to invite over the most eminent philosophers, having before erected and endowed several public for the propagation of learning. Amongst them, Scotus was the most renowned: to him Minerva appears in the form of Priscian, the celebrated Grammarian, and discovers to him the figure and use of the Rod. She warns him to be discreet in the exercise of it. He neglects her advice, is passionate and cruel. Aribat, a youth of nineteen years of age, resents such cruel usage, especially as it exposed him, he conceived, to his mistress's contempt and resentment. He resolves to enter into a conspiracy against him. Scotus renews his cruelty, and is assassinated. The story is founded on true history. See Inet's History of the English Church, pp. 288, 289," The poem is written with considerable humour and spirit. I give the following as a specimen, taken at random, being the description of the birch tree: "A tree there is, such was Apollo's will, Of this select full in the Moon's eclipse, Attentive hear, and let the sound be blest ; PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE, Sandford's Waxed Paper, &c. - Permit me through your pages to ask MR. CROOKES whether he is in a position to inform me if Sandford's waxed paper is available for his process, and if would kind enough to supply Slater's address? W.F.W. Brighton. Improvements in the Camera. In using Messrs. Archer's and Browne's form of camera, I have found much advantage in bevelling the lower part of the sliding frame in the interior of the camera. If the ledge for receiving the glasses be cut merely at right angles to the frame, they may sometimes cant out a little on one side, when confined at top by the small bolt or spring, whichever be used, and will tend to derange the delicacy of the focus. This is still more likely to be the case when the glass used for the picture varies in thickness from the one used for focussing. I find that the glass securely rests in the angle of the bevel, taking exactly the same position as the focussing glass; and when taken up from the bath, can be more readily and quickly put in its proper position. I have also followed the plan of cutting what I may term drainage holes at right angles to the bevelled edge, allowing the nitrate of silver to run off; which otherwise accumulates in the ledge, and is a source of annoyance from decomposed portions of matter running back upon the glass when held in a horizontal position during the process of developing. E. KATER. Improvement of Collodion for Negatives. - A friend who is about to proceed to the Colonies, and who is so enthusiastic in the pursuit of photography that he is constructing a camera, with a set of lenses having seven-inch aperture, whereby he will be enabled to take pictures upwards of two feet square, informs me that he finds a very valuable collodion may be formed by macerating for some days coarsely-powdered amber in the prepared iodized collodion. The definite quantity he does not state. This he says will be found much more satisfactory than the use of gutta percha, as was recommended by MR. FRY; for it is only in some samples of gutta percha that any solution can be effected. H. W. D. Printing from Negatives (Vol. vi., p. 371.).W. H., who complains of want of success in printing from negatives on iodized paper, and who sends specimens of his pictures, is informed that, judging from appearances, his errors have been threefold. 1st. He has not exposed the picture sufficiently to the light, whereby a decomposition has taken place during the long time required for development. For many weeks there has been a great want of light available for photographic purposes, which in all probability he has not sufficiently allowed for. 2ndly. The exciting fluid has also been over-strong. If too much of the aceto nitrate be used, a peculiar browning often takes place, an appearance too familiar with practisers of the Calotype process. The relative quantities re commended at p. 372. may in general be relied upon; but occasionally, from some peculiarities in the iodized paper, the dilution may be doubled; it is also needful that the acetic acid should be pure, and not contaminated with sulphuric, which is sometimes the case. 3rdly. The pictures have evident marks of sufficient care not having been used in taking a clean brush. Many operators use a new brush each time, but this is an extravagance to be avoided. If a few brushes are stood upright in an egg-cup, or any small vessel, and allowed to soak a couple of hours in a weak solution of cyanide of potassium, and then thoroughly soaked and washed in distilled water, they may be for a long time rendered as fit for use as a new brush. [The above reply to a private inquirer has been inserted, as it is believed it may be useful to others who may have met with any disappointment; but our Correspondent must be reminded that during the late dull days, had he not practised with the iodized paper, he would scarcely have succeeded in getting a picture after a whole day's exposure.] Replies to Minor Queries. Late Brasses (Vol. vi., p. 362.). - The brasses to which MR. JOHN MILAND refers, in the Gwydir Chapel at Llanrwst, are mentioned in the Oxford Manual of Brasses (p. xii. note t. and p. xcix.), and also in the Rev. C. R. Manning's List. It appears that they are busts, and "are known to be the work of Sylvanus Crew and Wm. Vaughan." The list of these brasses given in the above works is as follows: The Word "Capable" in "As You Like It" (Vol. vi., p. 468.). - I interrupt myself in correcting the proof of one of the last portions of my volume of Notes and Emendations, founded on my folio, 1632, to do justice to MR. SINGER'S Sagacity in reading palpable ble for "capable," in that passage of Act III. Scene 5. of As You Like It where Phœbe says: "Lean but on a rush, The cicatrice and capable impressure, The sheet containing the emendation of the old correction of the folio, 1632, has been printed off several months, wherein I say that "capable appears not to have been the poet's word; and the manuscript-corrector has it 'palpable impressure' an indentation that may be felt." In fact, a pen is put through the letters ca, and pal substituted in the margin of the folio, 1632, which was all that was necessary. This coincidence shows that two individuals, one living about two hundred years after the other, have proposed the same correction: the earlier having resort perhaps to some independent authority, and the later being indebted merely to his own intelligence and knowledge. This concurrence of testimony must be satisfactory in a case like the present. J. PAYNE COLLIER. The Trusty Servant at Winchester (Vol. vi., p. 416.). - In one of John Aubrey's unpublished letters to Antony Wood, in the Ashmolean Library at Oxford, from which I was lately making some extracts, he speaks of "The Faithful Servant at Winton, done by The Serjeant when he went to school there." As I was not consulting Aubrey's Letters with any view to this particular point, and merely made this memorandum en passant, I cannot say at this moment with certainty to whom he alludes. But, recollecting other references to the same "Serjeant," I believe the person he is speaking of to be the witty and satirical Sir John Hoskyns, of whom there is a memoir in Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. From that memoir it appears that Hoskyns was a Winchester scholar, and was elected to New College, 1584. Whether Sir John Hoskyns (presuming him to be the person meant) was the original painter or not, would of course be a point still unsettled. But Aubrey's casual mention of the circumstance supplies at all events the date of a painting far enough back to make it certain that the work done, according to the College accounts, in 1637 (see Vol. vi., p. 12.), could only be a repainting. The date of Aubrey's letter is Oct. 27, 1671. J. E. JACKSON. Major-General Benjamin Lincoln of the American Army (Vol. vi., p. 99.). - MR. PEACOCK inquires, whether this American revolutionary officer was descended from an English family of the same name who settled in Lincolnshire as late as 1651? The probability is that he was not. He was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1733. The town was originally settled by emigrants from the neighbourhood of Hingham, county Norfolk: six or eight persons named Lincoln became settlers in Hingham, Massachusetts, between 1636 and 1642. Some of them, it is known, came direct from Hingham, Norfolk; and the presumption is, that all of them were from the same neighbourhood and were relatives. Among the Lincolns admitted freemen of Hingham, Massachussets, between the years mentioned, was Thomas Lincoln, a cooper. His son, Benjamin, was admitted a freeman in 1677. This Benjamin was the father of Col. Benjamin Lincoln, who was the father to Maj. General Benjamin Lincoln, the subject of this notice. The latter died in 1816, full of years and honours. For further particulars, see Farmer's New England Genealogical Register, edition 1829, and the New England Genealogical Register, a magazine for the years 1847-1852. Philadelphia, Oct. 1852. T. WESTCOтт. John, Lord Barclay (Vol. v., pp. 275. 309.). — Dr. Lake's Diary has accidentally fallen in my way, and I am surprised that J. Y. failed to see the explanation of the note which he quotes. The diarist says: " I administered the sacrament to the Lord John Barclay (being not well), and his ladye discoursing with Dr. Turner," &c. "Lord John Barclay," so styled, apparently, for the sake of distinction from the Earl of Berkeley, was no doubt John, Lord Berkeley, of Stratton; not, however, the person whom TYRO (Vol. v., p. 309.) supposes, but his father, who died in 1678. The remainder of the editor's note relates to Dr. Turner, who was successively Bishop of Rochester and Ely, and it ought to have been printed as a separate note. J. C. R. Anglican Baptism (Vol. vi., p. 340.). - A convert from the English Church to Romanism is not required to submit to baptism. Where re-baptism takes place it is, I believe, given in a hypothetical form; the administrator and the receiver affecting to suppose that in the previous Anglican baptism there may, through the negligence of the minister, have been an omission of something which the Anglican Church agrees with the Roman in regarding as essential. J. C. R. Shakspeare Family (Vol. vi., p. 289.). - The Order to which J. F. F. alludes is subsequent to the Restoration, and of record in a repertory of state papers and other documents, relating chiefly to the acts of settlement and explanation. These |