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scarcely ever be got to make herself useful with the needlework of the family, on the plea that her eyesight was bad, though it was noticed that on particular occasions she could see keenly enough. The children, therefore, used to say that aunty pretended blindness that she might always keep holiday, and do no work. Now the blind from their infirmity are of course in general exempted from labour, and in this view always keep holiday; and when the twilight hour comes, when those that can work, or read, &c., can no longer see to do so, it is Blindman's Holiday to them, and they of necessity rest accordingly. AMBROSE FLORENCE.

Travelling Expenses at the Close of the Seventeenth Century.-Coaches (Vol. vi., pp. 51. 98.).—The statement given under the former title is manifestly absurd; it is either some egregious blunder, or a hoax on your contributor. The following extract from Chamberlayne's State of England for 1692 (and I believe the same account is given in earlier editions, but 1692 is the earliest I have at hand) gives an official statement of the and mode of travelling in those days, by those who did not travel with their own horses, and will show that stage coaches were of a much earlier date than is assigned to them in W. H. C.'s article on Coaches," in your No. 144., p. 98. :

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expense

Moreover, if any gentleman desire to ride post to any principal town in England, post-horses are always in readiness (taking no horse without the consent of his owner), which in other kings' reigns was not duly observed; and only 3d. is demanded for every English mile, and for every stage to the post-boy 4d.

for conducting. Besides this excellent convenience of conveying letters and men on horse-back, there is of

late such an admirable commodiousness, both for men and women of better rank, to travel from London to almost any town of England, and to almost all the villages near this great city, that the like has not been known in the world, and that is by stage coaches, wherein one may be transported to any place, sheltered from foul weather and foul ways, free from endamaging one's health or body by hard jogging or over-violent motion; and this not only at a low price, as about a shilling for every five miles, but with velocity and speed, as that the posts in some foreign countries make not more miles in a day; for the stage-coaches called Flying-coaches' make forty or fifty miles in a day; as from London to Oxford or Cambridge, and that in the space of twelve hours, not counting the time for dining, setting forth not too early nor coming in too late."Chamberlayne's Present State, 1692, Part ii. p. 206. And I find this same notice continued in all the editions of the work down to 1748, the last I happen to have. The later editions add, that these coaches "now perform sometimes 70, 80, or 100 miles, to Southampton, Bury, Cirencester, and Norwich."

C.

In

"Balnea,_vina, Venus" (Vol. vi., p. 74.). reply to R. F. L. I beg to say that Martial is the

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Bitter Beer (Vol. vi., p. 72.).—I find in Parkhurst's Heb. Lex., sub voce, St. Jerome, Epist. ad Nepotianum, quoted as saying, that in Hebrew any intoxicating liquor is called sicera, whether made of corn, the juice of apples, honey, dates, or any other fruit." It is clear, therefore, that sicera does occasionally mean beer, and it is in Scripture set generally in opposition to wine. Can it be shown ever to mean alcohol? In my former Note these references were not given :

"Lupo salictario Germani."

Plinii Hist. Nut., xxi. 15. And the quotation from Herodotus, Euterpe, 77. Also, for confectum read confectam. W. FRASER.

Salt Box (Vol. vi., p. 54.).—J. WN. will find the dissertation he alludes to in the Museum, p. 26., published March 31, 1838, under the head "Metaphysics." Porson has the credit of the production as a specimen of college examination.

Bolt Court, Fleet Street.

J. EBFF.

Author of the "Gradus” (Vol. vi., p. 128.).—Allow me to suggest to your correspondent that most probably the Gradus ad Parnassum was a compilation undertaken by many, possibly with one superintendent, by order of the Jesuits. The earlier editions

of this work are remarkable for the peculiar epithets, &c. attached to particular words, for the purpose, it would seem, of instilling their opinions into the minds of the younger students. The words, for instance, Haresis, Papa, may show this. The first is described as 66 Impia, scelerata, exitiosa, horrida, detestanda, insana, mendax," &c. Papa, on the other hand, is "Sanctus, venerandus; cui summa potestas terrarum cœlique data est; cujus vestigia adorat Cæsar, et auro vestiti murice Reges; sceptra vicesque Dei gerens; qui regna infera Ditis, cœlorumque fores aperit et claudit."

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

C. I. R.

Every day furnishes additional proof how a taste for archæological studies is spreading on every side, and that the example set by the Archæological Societies of London is being zealously and successfully imitated throughout the country. We have now before us two volumes, in which are recorded the Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archæological and Natural History Society, during the years 1849, 1850, and 1851; and two volumes more creditable to the several parties engaged in their production could hardly be desired. The papers are well considered, and for the most part appropriate that is to say, touching rather on the specialties of Somersetshire, than on points of more general interest; and the illustrations are executed in a way to put to shame many which have been issued to the world by societies having greater means, and putting forth greater claims, than the Somersetshire Archæological and Natural History Society.

While on the subject of such societies we may announce that an Archæological Society for the county of Surrey is in the course of formation, and that gentlemen desirous of joining it, or promoting its objects, are invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary, Mr. Webb, 1. St. James' Square, Notting Hill.

Postulates and Data―of which we have eleven numbers now before us—is a new weekly periodical which may lay claim to the character of thorough novelty, for each number contains only three or four articles; and these are as varied as can well be imagined, — an attack on the Admiralty boroughs and on the mismanagement of Admiralty contracts being found side by side with a Dissertation On the Seventy Weeks of Daniel and Annotationes Critica in Platonem. It is certainly a literary curiosity; and though the price at which it is published must prevent its ever attaining a wide circulation, Postulates and Data will probably find a good many admirers among those who share the opinions it advocates, and who are able to appreciate the scholarship displayed in its pages.

having made" additions" to the Letters of Washington; but clearly establishes that of his having made "omissions and corrections," and these too in a manner prejudicial to the "Truth of History."

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The main plan of the work has been borrowed from Spanheim, a learned, though certainly not unbiassed, writer of the seventeenth century: the matter compiled from Spondanus and Spanheim, Mosheim and Fleury, Gieseler and Döllinger, and others, who have been used too often to be specified, unless when reference to them appeared desirable for the benefit of the reader. Yet I believe I have never once trusted to them on a point involving controversy, without examining their authorities. The one object that I have had before me has been to condense facts, without either garbling or omitting any that should be noticed in a work like the present, and to give a fair and impartial view of the whole state of the case.Preface.

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"The latter part of the book, on the early Christian and medieval symbols, and on ecclesiastical emblems, is of great historical and architectural value. A copious Index of emblems is added, as well as a general Index to the volume with its numerous illustrations. The work is an important contribution to English Archæology, especially in the department of ecclesiastical iconography."-Literary Gazette.

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46

The papers on Irish History, Literature, and Archæology already published are as follows: "The Historic Literature of Ireland," a review of all the works issued by the Irish Archeological Society, together with ample notices of the contents of the more important unpublished Hiberno-Celtic manuscripts, exhibiting the progress and present state of historic investigation in Ireland. "The Celtic Records of Ireland." an analysis of Dr. O'Donovan's edition of the "Annals of the Four Masters," in seven volumes quarto; containing a resumé of Irish History from the earliest period to the year 1616. An Essay on the printed and unpublished materials for Irish Ecclesiastical llistory. "Irish Historical Literature," an account of the Celtic Society and its publications. The "Survey of Ireland A.D. 1655-6," a review of Major Larcom's Edition of Sir William Petty's autobiographical work. The Brehon Law Commission," a notice of the ancient legal institutes of Ireland, and of the measures adopted by Government for their publication. "The Streets of Dublin," a series of papers on the local History of the Irish metropolis, containing information not elsewhere accessible relative to eminent Statesmen, Authors, Physicians, Artists, Actors, Musical Composers, Typographers, and other celebrities connected with Dublin; together with sketches of the state of society and manners in the city before the Union. A series of Memoirs of distinguished Irish Writers has also been commenced, and amongst the Biographies already published are those of sheil, the Edgeworths, Maturin, Moore, and Maginn. Un Art and Art Literature the following have appeared: "Modern Water Colour Painting," Pre-Raphaelitism," "Irish Art, Artists, and Art Unions," "Artistic and Industrial Exhibitions."-Among the miscellaneous papers are the following: "Transatlantic Communication," "Social Condition of Great Britain and Ireland," "Curran and his Cotemporaries," "The Queen's Colleges and Education in Ireland," "Condition and Prospects of the Irish Bar," "The Land Question in Ireland," Government patronage of Irishmen, the Irish Poor Law," English rule in America, D'Israeli's Memoir of Bentinck, "Poets of the past half century," Modern French Novels, Jeffrey and the Edinburgh Review, Austrian rule in Italy and Hungary, Mitford's "Literary Recollections," Haliburton's "American Humour," &c. &c.

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Stamped Edition, 5d.

PORTRAIT PAINTERS OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.

"There is no evidence," says Walpole, "that Elizabeth had much taste for painting; but she loved pictures of herself." Her extreme sensitiveness in regard to the manner in which her portrait was drawn, is curiously illustrated by the proclamation written by Cecil in 1563 (existing in the State Paper Office), which was printed in the Archæologia, vol. ii. p. 169. Although at so early a period of her reign, it is stated that " great nomber of paynters, and some printers and gravers," had already and did daily attempt to make portraitures of her Majesty; with all of which the queen being much dissatisfied, since "hytherto none hath sufficiently expressed the naturall representation of hir Majesties person, favor, or grace," at the request of the Privy Council her Majesty is pleased to declare that some coning person mete therefore shall shortly make a pourtraict of hir person or visage, to be

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Francis Davison and Dr. Donne, by S. W. Singer, &c. 247 participated to others for satisfaction of hir loving

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Royal Arms in Churches, by H. T. Ellacombe, &c.
"Merchant of Venice," Act III. Sc. 2., by S. Hickson
Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, by Lord Farnham
Can Bishops vacate their Sees ?
Photography in the open Air
St. Veronica
Emaciated Monumental Effigies, by Thomas L. Walker 252
Dutch Pottery
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Replies to Minor Queries:- Birthplace of Wickliffe Constables of France-Monumental Brasses abroadRemarkable Trees-Portrait of Sir Kenelm DigbyDress of the Clergy Furye Family. Seventeen Year Locusts-On the World lasting 6000 Years Church Brasses subsequent to 1688- Irish Language in the West Indies Cowdray Family - Beefeaters-"To differ with "- Phoebe Hassel - Passage in the Somnium Scipionis-Alteration in Prayer Books The Etymology of Llewelyn - Reverence to the Altar-Inscription on a Bell Time when Briefs were abolished — Shan-dra-dam-Portraits of Wolsey -Lunar Occultation, &c.

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subjects;" and in the mean time all persons are ordered to forbear from painting, graving, or printing any portrait of the royal visage, until the 250 special person appointed should have finished the pattern: after which her Majesty was content that all other painters, printers, or gravers, "that shall be known men of understanding, and so thereto licensed by the hed officers of the plaicis where they shall dwell," shall or may follow and copy the said "patron or first pourtraicture." It is, in all probability, to the proceedings consequent on this proclamation that Sir Walter Raleigh alludes in his Preface to the History of the World, in which he says, that the pictures of Queen Elizabeth "made by unskilful and common painters" were by her own commandment "knocked in pieces and cast into the fire." It would be interesting to know the name of the "coning person' who was specially authorised to make the pattern portrait of her Majesty, and Dallaway, in a note on Walpole, conjectures it to have been Zuccaro ; but as this artist is stated to have come to England only in 1574, it will seem hardly probable that ten years should have elapsed after the date of the proclamation before the portrait-loving

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