are chiefly of a modern date, and are extremely commodious. On the north of the castle stands St Marys, the old church, which is later English, and contains carved stalls, screen, and monuments. A town-hall, lunatic asylum, theatre, assembly rooms, several alms-houses and an excellent grammar-school are among the other public buildings of the town. Lancaster has a considerable trade, the river being navigable (though with difficulty) for vessels of between 200 and 300 tons. Cotton and hardware manufactures constitute the principal exports. A large trade in coal and limestone is carried on by means of the canal, which is carried over the Lune by an aqueduct erected in 1797, at an expense of L.48,000. Lancaster affords the title of Duke to the Prince of Wales. Two M.P. Pop. 1851, 16,168. CARLISLE is an ancient city, pleasantly situated on an eminence nearly enclosed by three streams, the Eden, the Caldew, and the Peteril. It is supposed to be of British origin, and there is reason to conclude that it was a Roman station. It appears to have been first fortified about the time of Agricola; the erection of its castle is attributed to William Rufus. Carlisle was taken by David, King of Scots, and afterwards besieged unsuccessfully by Robert Bruce in 1312. It suffered severely during the civil wars, having declared for Charles I. In 1745, it surrendered to Prince Charles Stuart, and on being retaken by the Duke of Cumberland, was the scene of many cruel severities upon the conquered. After the junction of the kingdoms it sank into decay, but has made great progress since the commencement of the present century. The principal business of the town consists in its manufactures of cotton goods and ginghams, and in a coasting trade. There is a canal from Carlisle to the Solway, and some traffic arises also from its lying on the North Western line of Railway from London to Edinburgh, Glasgow, &c. Before the Reformation, there were several ecclesiastical establishments in the city. It was erected into a see by Henry I. in 1133. Dr Paley was Arch-Deacon of Carlisle, and is buried in the cathedral, where a monument has been recently erected to his memory. The cathedral is an ancient building of red freestone, some parts of which are assigned to the Saxon times. It has however suffered much from neglect and the lapse of time, and contains a few monuments of interest. There are numerous other churches in Carlisle, several meetinghouses, a Roman Catholic chapel, a Mechanics' Institute, a theatre, a grammarschool founded by Henry VIII. and forty-seven other schools of various kinds. The court-houses were built at an expense of L.100,000. A considerabie portion of the old castle still remains, comprising the keep, a lofty and massive tower, in which is a very deep well. The whole has been restored and is a striking feature of the town. Towards the north were the apartments in which Mary Queen of Scots was confined on her flight to England, after the battle of Langside. Carlisle gives the title of Earl to a branch of the Howard family. Two M.P. Pop 1351, 26,310. ON RIGHT FROM CARL. BY CALEDONIAN RAILWAY. From Glasgow. Edinb. From Carlisle. ON LEFT FROM CARL. ON RIGHT FROM CARL. Hoddam, Admiral 26 Sharpe. CII. CARLISLE TO DUMFRIES, BY RAILWAY, 32 Miles. In the distance, Ne- 24 therby, Right Hon. Sir! Jas. Graham, Bart. 15 From Carlisle, by Caledonian Railway, to Thence, along north side of Solway Firth, by Annan, 81 From Carlisle. 173 Kelhead. ON LEFT FROM CARL.. ON RIGHT FROM LOND. RAILWAY, 165 Miles. Chartley Hall, Earl 34 Weston St. Ferrers, 2 miles. 1311 Leave Trent valley line to Stafford. Great Haywood. Shugborough Park, Earl of Lichfield. Ingestre Hall and Park, Earl Talbot. Grand Trunk Canal, and river Trent. Stafford, by road, 5 m. Branch to main line of North Western Railway, which it joins at Norton Bridge. Darlaston Hall, S. S. Jervis, Esq. Meaford Hall, Viscount St Vincent. 2 miles distant, Swinnerton Park, T. Fitzherbert, Esq. Lane End, 2 miles. 23 Longton Hall. Fenton Hall. Enter the district of "the Potteries" (see p. 221.) Stoke St. (see p. 221.) 145 cr. Grand Trunk Canal. 18 17 Trentham Park, Duke of Sutherland. Stoke Lodge. Newcastle-under Lyne, 2 miles; beyond, Keele Hall. Wolstanton. Clough Hali. Chesterton, supposed to be the site of a Roman station, perhaps the Mediolanum of the seventh Itinerary. Talk-on-the Hill. 13 Harecastle Junction St. 151 Crewe 84 miles. Church Lawton, and Lawton Hall. R BOLTON, or Bolton-le-Moors, is said to be of Saxon origin. The principal trade is the cotton manufacture and its subsidiary branches, as bleaching, calicoprinting, machine-making, &c. There are above thirty coal-mines in the parish. Blackrod contains a sulphur spring. The country, for six miles round Bolton, has undergone very considerable improvement within the last few years; villages have sprung up where there was not a dwelling, and hamlets have become the seat of a dense population. Within six years, five new churches have been erected in the neighbourhood of Bolton, and besides these two or three others are projected. Bolton has a town-hall, a theatre, and assembly-rooms, numerous churches and meeting-houses, a free grammar-school, &c. Between Bolton and Wigan are found large quantities of cannel-coal, which is often manufactured into snuff-boxes, candlesticks, &c. Bolton suffered severely in the civil wars, especially during the great siege, when Prince Rupert and the Earl of Derby stormed the town, and dislodged the Republican troops. In consequence of this achievement, the latter was beheaded in Bolton after the battle of Worcester. Bolton returns two M.P. Pop. in 1851, 61,171. The Manchester, Bolton, and |