VII.]

EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITY.

215

came to be charged with the destruction of temples and the violation of sanctuaries. While Arba was propagating the worship of Anuka at Hebron, the Shepherds were no less busy in promoting the worship of Sutekh in Egypt. In all respects they seem to have imitated the Egyptians. They adopted their titles, and imitated, though with modifications, even their style of art. We need not therefore feel surprised at finding Egypt, after the expulsion of the Shepherds, differing so little from what it was under the earlier native dynasties.

If we suppose that Salatis took Memphis soon after the year 1900 B.C., and that the Exodus took place in the first half of the fourteenth century B.C., we shall have time enough for the 430 years occupation of Goshen by the Israelites, and a chronology elastic enough to admit the long periods claimed by certain Egyptologists for some of the dynasties of the old monarchy. We must always remember that it is only with respect to some of these dynasties that we have evidence to guide us, either documentary or monumental. From the sixth to the twelfth dynasty, and from the thirteenth to the shepherd-dynasty we have to work our way through a wilderness of difficulty, and we cannot put much reliance on results obtained from such unsatisfactory premisses. But we can hardly suppose that the Old Monarchy was founded later than the Phoenician settlements on the Mediterranean, and the inhabitants of Tyre claimed for their city an antiquity of not less than 2700 years.

An argument has been raised in favour of the almost indefinite antiquity of the Egyptian people from the high civilization which prevailed at the commencement of the Old Monarchy. But this fact should not mislead us. The post-diluvians were heirs of a civilization which originated before the Deluge; and hieroglyphic inscriptions that astonish us by their immense antiquity may have been specimens of a mode of writing handed down from antediluvian times, modified, it may be, by the circum

stances of the locality. We know that the antediluvian man exercised his inventive faculties just as freely as his descendants of the present day exercise theirs, and some such system as the hieroglyphic would almost necessarily have been invented to meet the requirements of a people that certainly were neither incapable nor incurious.

CHAPTER VIII.

CONQUEST of Thrace by the Teukroi and Musoi; races settled in the conquered district in the time of Homer: Thrēkes, Kikones, Paiones, &c. Invasion

of the district by the Temenidai in the eighth century B.C.; races immediately affected by this invasion: Pieres, Elumoi, Paiones, &c., the Elumoi, the Makedones proper; gave a name to the kingdom founded by the Temenidai; called by Thucydides Troēs or Trojans; perhaps connected with the Amalekites. The Odomantoi and Agraioi at the sources of the Strymon, Shemitic races; when they were introduced into Europe uncertain; Agraioi found in countries further westward. Paiones passed into the basin of the Danube; known to the Romans as Pannonii; the Musoi (Moesi) also settled on the Danube; and near them the Dardanioi. — Traces of the Phoenician Kitioi among the intrusive tribes; connexion between this Phoenician tribe and the Trojans. - Tribes that returned to Asia after the age of Homer; the Briges passed from the Axius to the Troad and founded the Lesser Phrygia; often confounded with the ancient Trojans; the Thunoi, Bithunoi and Maido-Bithunoi also passed into Asia and founded Bithynia; called by Xenophon the Threkes of Asia. Supremacy of Troy, whence it originated; the Asiatic races that acknowledged this supremacy. The Amazons; their wars with the Trojans, the Lycians, and the Athenians; founded the nation of the Sauromatai or Northern Medes; Median tribes in Europe: the Maidoi, Krobuzoi or Croats, and the Sigunnai on the Danube; Sigunnoi in Asia; the Makrokephaloi or Makrōnes a tribe of Sigunnoi; Sigunoi in Egypt. - The Trōes or men of Troy Lycians in origin; the Lycians connected with Crete and Attica; subdued the Solumoi; the Solumoi probably Agagi or Amalekites. - Relations between the Trōes and the Teukroi; both Pelasgoi or ancient Greek tribes. — The races settled in Thrace by the Teukroi and Musoi remained undisturbed for some five centuries; exerted a marked influence on Greek civilization.

The Kadmeioi, a Shemitic people, connected with the Paiones, Agraioi, &c.; settled first in Euboea, afterwards in Thrace and Thebes; expelled from Thebes by the Argives, and driven into Illyricum; another division of Kadmeioi driven from the Theban town of Tanagra by the Boeotians; took refuge in Attica; were known as the Gephuraioi; the Agraioi on the Achelous another branch of this people. The ancient mythus in the Theogony which assigns to Agraios, Telegonos, and Latinos a supremacy over the Tursēnoi of Latium; the name Tursēnoi or Tyrrheni; according to Greek antiquaries this name meant the tower-builders, Greek not Italian in origin, and may have been first used to distinguish the civilized Pelasgoi of Greece from the rude races living in the forest districts. - The Tursenoi settled early in Italy; fell into decay before the Theogony was written;

regained their importance when the Rasenna of Lydia settled among them Telegonos probably symbolizes the early Telkhines of Greece. Niebuhr's notion that the Turnus of Virgil symbolized the early Tursenoi; if it be admitted, we may conclude that the legends on which Virgil framed his Eneid had a basis in history.

In the last chapter I touched upon the history of races which had relations more or less intimate with Egypt and with Palestine. In the present chapter I shall endeavour to bring under critical notice the history of races which seem to have more directly felt the influence of another ancient people, one that has left few or no monuments behind it, and whose very existence has been the subject of doubt and speculation. It requires some moral courage to speak of Trojan conquests in an inquiry which professes to be historical; but when we find a historian like Thucydides giving the name of Trojans (Trões) to races which in his day were still extant, we may be forgiven if we seek to ascertain with what significance he used the phrase, and what authority he had for the use of it. The genius of Homer, at the same time that it made the name of Troy illustrious, threw round it a halo of imagination that almost bewilders criticism, and makes it difficult to separate history from poetry, truth from fiction. I think, however, that by a careful and wary criticism we may make out a few facts that will help us onward to right conclusions.

Of the four great military expeditions which Herodotus (7. 20) seems to have considered to be the earliest that came within the scope of history, the first was that of the Teukroi and Musoi', when, sometime before the Trojan War, they passed the Bosphorus, conquered all the Threkes, and penetrated westward to the Ionian sea, and southward to the Peneus. From the district thus conquered came all the European allies of Priam-Thrēkes, Kikones, Paiones, &c., and it is strange that so little attention has been drawn to an event, which for more than a thousand years left its mark on the geography of Europe. The subject is one that

The other three were the Greek expedition against Troy, the Scythian inroad into Asia, and the expedition which Darius led against this people.

VIII.]

THREKES AND KIKONES.

219

deserves investigation, and as a first step in the inquiry we will throw a rapid glance over the history of the three lastmentioned races. We begin with the Threkes.

The Threkes, who were the allies of Priam, came from Ainos (Il. 4. 520), and Ainos lay at one of the outlets of the Hebrus. In the inner parts of the basin of this river the classical writers locate certain barbarous tribes-Bēssoi, Satrai, &c., to whom they more particularly assign this name of Thrēkes. It would seem that in the time of Homer these or cognate tribes occupied the whole district to the coast, an inference which is confirmed by the topography of the neighbourhood. Strabo tells us (7. 6. 1, p. 319) that bria in the Thracian language signified a town, and in corroboration he mentions the names Selubria the town of Selus, Menebria so called from Mena who built it, Mesēmbria and Poltuobria the ancient name of Ainos. This name of Poltuobria would alone suffice to prove that genuine Thrēkes once lived at the mouth of the Hebrus. Possibly Poltuobria was the name by which the town was known by the Thracian tribes in the neighbourhood, and Ainos the name it took from the branch of the Hebrus on which it stood. Ainos occurs elsewhere as a river-name in classical

geography.

The Kikones are represented by the classical geographers as living in the neighbourhood of the lake Ismaris (Herod. 7. 109), on the coast west of the Hebrus. Their principal town was Marōneia, which was said to have derived its name from a companion of Osiris1. The requirements of the legend would be satisfied by supposing either that the Kikones were settled in Europe by Egyptian kings at a very early period, or that they were first carried by them into Asia Minor, and then at a later period passed over into Thrace as part of the Teucrian expedition. The Kikones were devoted to the worship of Dionusos, and their country was celebrated for the excellence of its wines (Od. 9. 209). It was doubtless from this people that their

1 See above, p. 207.