Orosius 120/15-16, Philippuses yfel mehte beh giet be sumum dæle gemetlic pyncan. Boethius 144/19, ten þusend geara, þeah hit lang pin Blickl. Hom. 107/30, puhte fæge & wlitig heora lif wynsumlic. Life of St. Neot 207, se pincđt nu wærrest and geape be oderne mæig beswican. In Old Icelandic þykkia is very often used in this way in the first hundred pages of the Snorra Edda (ed. by Finn Jónsson, Copenh. 1900) I have noted no less than eig instances. There is also an instance in Wulfila: Luke VII 18, jah saei ni habaib, jah patei pugke haban, afnimade af imma. As I may not have an opportunity of mentioning th interesting fact later on, I may as well point out here, the in Middle English, too, the use of punchen, pinchen, pink[en without a dative is not infrequent. Vices and Virtues 147/8, mine teares me waren bre daiz and niht; swa gode hie pouhten. Lazamon A 28667, heo somneden þa cnihtes all selest þa heo puhte. Ibid 28822, puhten alle pes sweines swulche heo weore peines. Sawles Warde (O. E. Hom. I) p. 249, euch her punch ed. þat stont in his heaued up (Royal Ms.: euh er in his heauet punched þat stont up). Ibid. p. 259, pe sunne gleam is dosc, ant punched aschadewe (Royal Ms. : punched dosc, ant as aschadewe). Ancren Riwle p. 98, Ueond pet punched freond is swike ouer alle swike. Ibid. p. 148, Moiseses hond puhte leprus. Ibid. p. 148, god dede ... punched get atelich bivoren Godes eien. Ibid. p. 192, alle heo (= uondunges) punched wouh. Ibid. p. 222, one pinge pet punched swupe god (similar inst. on p. 228). Ibid. p. 416, Ancre þet haued eihte punched bet husewif. Hali Meidenh. 45/20, Eadi godes spuse haue þis ilke mihte þat tu nu punche peostri. Ibid. 47/6, ne nul ich naut for a lust of a lute hwile þat hit punche delit awai warpe þat þing hwas lure ichulle bireuien witute couerunge. See also 27/11, 35/1, 39/10 & 43/19. Owl and Nightingale 263 (346), Ne bo þe song never so murie, þat he ne shal pinche wel unmurie. Ibid. 417 (840), hit pinch sop al at þu seist. Woman of Samaria (O. E. Misc.) 19, Hwat ar-tu þat drynke me byst. pa pinehest of iudelonde. South Eng. Leg. 10/311, he giwes comen and founden þat treo fleotinde þare bi cas: huy nomen hit up, for hit pouzte fil and foul. Ibid. 85/62, pis maide pouzte al a-fuyre: ase huy [at stoden þare i-seize. Ibid 93/37, 'maide', seide pe Aumperur, 'pou pinchest gent and freo!' Shoreham's Poems I 808, hyt pinkp bote oþer bred An heaz þat þe prest healdep. Castell off Loue 720, the castel . . . is raddore þen euere eny ros schal, þat punchep as hit barnde al. It would be easy to collect hundreds of instances of the A construction of þyncan. A few may suffice here. Beowulf 843, him fold-wegas fægere puhton. Orosius 92/27, Hu þyncd eow nu? Past. Care 176/20, & on ore wisan [mon sceal manigean] da þe disse hwilendlican are wilniað, & him nan geswinc ne dyned þæt hie hie hæbben, on ore da þe him dyned micel earfodu.... 7. wa beon, 'be ill with', with dative. Beowulf 183, wa bið þæm þe sceal þurh sliðne nið sawle bescufan. Gen. 634, Monige hwile bid pam men full wa. Elene 628, him was geomor sefa, hat at heortan ond gehwæ res wa. Salomo and Saturnus 104, him bid æt heartan wa. Wife's Complaint 52, wa bit pam þe sceal of lang leofes abiden! Orosius 114/31, Dæm folce was ægres wa. Aelfric's Metr. Lives I 17, 167, Him bid wa on mode, æt ge swa anræde beod. Wulfstan 147/17, Hi ne mihten asecgan hu wa de sawlum bid. Ibid. 235/19, Ɖæt him næfre ær nære swa wa s him a wæs. Nicodemus 26, De byp æfre wa (from Bosw. T.) Hexameron 24/22, Ɖa was dam deofle wa on his mo Aat se man sceolde a myrge gecarnion (from Bosw. 18. wel, bet beon, 'be well with, for', with dative. Beowulf 186, wel bip pam pe mot æfter deadæ drihten secan. Andreas 887, Dam bip well, de dara blissa bruca moton. Psalm (Thorpe) XXXIV 33, Wel la wel is urum modun Metres of Boeth. X 65, þeah ge nu wenen & wilnige þæt ge lange tid libban moten, hwæt iow æfre by bet by odde pince? John IV 52, (Corpus) Đa acsode he, to hwylcum tima him bet ware. B. Type A verbs in Middle English. 19. All the verbs instanced above continued to be em ployed in the same way in early M.E.; the other O.E. typ A verbs became obsolete before 1300 (see % 4). However, the number of verbs of the 'methinks' type was again augmented by additions from various sources. A few verbs already in use in O.E. underwent a more or less radical change of signification, and adopted the A construction; others were formed from existing stems; others, again, were borrowed from Old French and a few from Old Norse. The language of the Vikings, which was at one time spoken a good deal along the east coast, must have been. fairly intelligible to the Anglo-Saxons. Abundant proof of this fact is afforded by the Icelandic sagas (Egils saga cap. 50 ff.; Gunlaugs saga cap. 5,6), The author (or scribe?) of the latter saga even goes the length of saying. 'Ein var tunga í Englandi ok noregi, áþr Vilhjálmr bastarþr vann England' (ed. Mogk, p. 11). No wonder that so many Old Norse words found their way into M. E. 1) The following type A verbs are first met with in M. E. 20. dremen, 'dream'. O. E. dreman means 'tomake a joyful sound', the usual word for what is expressed by Mn. E. 'to dream' being mætan (see above), while the corresponding noun was mating; swefn, too, was used in this sense. In early M. E. dremen always has the O. E. signification (e. g. in Lazamon.) = The A construction of dremen Mn. E 'dream' first makes its appearance in East Midland productions, so that we can safely assume that the construction me &c dremep is owing to Scandinavian influence (O. Icel. mik &c dreymr; inf. dreyma, always = 'to dream'), and that M. E. dremen is to be looked upon as a loanword. 2) Here are some early instances: Gen. & Exod. 1941, him drempte or quiles he slep. Ibid. 2059, Me drempte, ic stod at a win-tre. Me drempte further occurs in 2066 and 2078, him drempte in 2095 and 2123. Havelok 1284, A selkuth drem dremede me nou. Ibid. 1304, Anoper drem dremede me yet. Rob. of Brunne, Handlyng Synne 454 þat dremed pe be pouper ny3t. 21. forþink(en) (forþunchen &c) 'cause sorrow, repentance'. This is an interesting verb, and deserves a moment's special attention. It made its appearance in M.E. about the end of the twelfth century, and in little more than a hundred years entirely supplanted of pink[en] (of punchen &c), the 1) See the interesting Introduction to Björkman, Scandinavian Loan Words in Middle English, a work which did not come under my notice antil after I had completed my MS. 2) Cf. Björkman, p. 11. representative of O. E. of þyncan 'displease' (for examp see Bosw. T.). It was formed on the anology of O. for pencan = 'dislike, be displeased with' (instances in Bo T.). O. E. 'ic forpence hit' and 'hit of pyncep me' me pretty much the same thing, and the nouns derived fr these verbs by means of ung were, of course, synonymo M. E. of pinking, of punchung soon god disused; there ar few instances in the Ancren Riwle (pp. 100, 190, 200, 20 and two in Hali Meidenhad (7/36, 25/14). In early M. of pink[en], of punchen generally meant 'cause sorrow, rep tance', while for penking, for penchung came to mean 'penan repentance', and ousted O. E. [dæd]bote, which word is s used a great many times in the early Southern Homili The Ayenbite has vorbenchung = 'penance' (4/2, 20/3 28/28, 29/24, 32/35, 73/22, 171/5, 171/9, 171/34, 211/3 Wyclif uses forthenkynge repeatedly (Mat. XXI 29 & XXV 3; Lay F. Cat. 1021 & 1319 &c.); in Cursor Mundi we fi for pinking (25934). As far as the Kentish dialect is concerned, there is a other factor to be taken into account. It is the change into e during the 9th century y owing to unroundin and subsequent lowering (Sievers Ags. Gramm.3% 154; Bi bring, Ae. Elementarb. 162), so that O. E. pyncan becan penchen, while of þyncan appeared in the form of of pench Vices & Virt. 3/14, 71/9; Shoreham's Poems 967). Th circumstance could not fail to favour the early introductio of the new verb into Kentish. Accordingly we find in th Digby MS. of the Moral Ode, dating from about 1200 (prin ed in Anglia I): Bote po, þet vorpuhte ham here senne and here misdeden (131, 1). The following parallel passage illustrate the change of prefix. ... Juliana Bodl. 17/4, Ich ne seh him neauer & þat of punched, but Royal MS: þat me sare for punched Past. Care, 232/20 da of puhte him ætte men wæro to æm gesceapene, and O. E. Hom. I, p. 225, him of puhte þat he efre man cun gesceop, but: Deluge 285, me for-þynkez ful much þat euer I mon made |