No person can be a member of this body, or hold a public office of any consequence, without belonging to the class of gentry. Many British settlers have of late resorted hither; particularly to Zante.

IONIANS, in ancient history, a celebrated colony of Greeks, who settled in Asia Minor. They were originally descended from the Hellenes, and inhabited at first the upper part of Attica. Upon the death of Codrus the monarchical government was abolished in Athens, and succeeded by the administration of ArchousNeleus and Androclus; the younger sons of Codrus, being dissatisfied with this arrangement, collected a number of friends, and, complaining that Attica was too narrow for the increasing number of its inhabitants, set sail for the Asiatic coast. Here they attacked and drove out the ancient inhabitants, and by degrees spread themselves over the central and most beautiful parts of the coast from the promontory of Posideion to the banks of the Hermus. They afterwards obtained possession of Chios and Samos, and all these countries were united under the common name of Ionia, as the Ionians were the most numerous of the emigrants. Thus they established themselves in a beautiful and fertile country, enjoying the most delicious climate, and peculiarly adapted to a commercial intercourse with the most civilised nations of antiquity. Thus favored, they silently flourished in peace and prosperity, till their growing numbers and wealth excited the avarice and jealousy of the powers of Asia.

In process of time, possessing the delightful country above-mentioned, together with the mouths of great rivers, having before them convenient and capacious harbours, and behind wealthy and populous nations, whose commerce they enjoyed and engrossed, they attained such early and rapid proficiency in the arts of navigation and traffic, as raised the cities of Miletus, Colophon, and Phocæa, to an extraordinary pitch of opulence and grandeur. Having obtained footing in Egypt, about 850 B. C., they acquired, and henceforth preserved, the exclusive commerce of that ancient and powerful kingdom. Their territories, though in their greatest breadth compressed between the sea and the dominions of Lydia to the extent of scarcely forty miles, became not only flourishing in peace, but formidable in war. Thus they remained in the full enjoyment of their liberties from the time of their migration till the reign of Croesus, king of Lydia, to whom they were compelled to submit after having baffled all the attempts of his predecessors to subdue them for upwards of 500 years. Before Cyrus invaded Lower Asia, he earnestly intreated the Ionians to share the glory of his arms; but, having lived at ease under the mild government of Crasus, they preferred their allegiance to him to the friendship of an unknown master. Accordingly they opposed him when he first invaded Lydia. But they were finally subdued by his lieutenant, Harpagus. In the reign of Darius Hystaspis they made an attempt to recover their ancient liberty, and maintained a war against the whole power of the Persian monarchy for six years: but they were

compelled to submit, and punished with great severity. The Ionians assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Athens with 100 ships; but they were persuaded by Themistocles to abandon the Persians, and their flight contributed not a little to the famous victory gained by the Athenians at Salamis. A similar expedient was recurred to at Mycale, so that few Persians escaped slaughter. On the conclusion of the peace between the Greeks and Persians, which happened in the reign of Artaxerxes, one of the articles sworn to by both parties was, that all the Greek states of Asia should be made free, and allowed to live according to their own laws. The Ionians, thus delivered from the Persian yoke, formed an alliance with the Athenians; but were treated by them rather like subjects than allies. Their fortune was various; at one time subject to the Persians, and at another time revolting from them, till they were at length delivered by Alexander, who restored all the Greeks in Asia to the enjoyment of their ancient rights and privileges. After the death of Alexander, they fell under the power of the king of Syria, till the Romans obliged Antiochus III., surnamed the Great, to grant the same liberty to the Greek colonies in Asia, which they had procured for the Greek states in Europe. On this occasion most of the free cities entered into an alliance with Rome, till they were again brought into subjection by Mithridates, king of Pontus; by whose orders they massacred, without distinction, all the Romans and Italians whom trade, or the salubrity of the climate, had drawn into Asia. Upon Sylla's arrival in Asia they abandoned Mithridates, and declared for the Romans. Sylla, having routed the armies of Mithridates, revenged on the Asiatics the death of the Romans, by depriving them of their liberty, and laying such heavy taxes and fines on their cities as reduced them to beggary. This was a most fatal blow to Asia; nor did the inhabitants ever after recover their ancient splendor, notwithstanding the favor shown them by many of the emperors, under whose protection they enjoyed some show of liberty. See GREECE.

The IONIC SECT was the first of the ancient sects of philosophers; the others were the Italic and Eleatic. The founder of this sect was Thales, who, being a native of Miletus in Ionia, occasioned his followers to assume the appellation of Ionic: Thales was succeeded by Anaximander, and he by Anaximenes, both natives of Miletus; Anaxagoras Clazomenius succeeded them, and removed his school from Asia to Athens, where Socrates was his scholar. It was the distinguishing tenet of this sect, that wate was the principle of all natural things.

IONIUM MARE, a part of the Mediterranean Sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic. It lies between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Egean Sea which lies on the coasts of Ionia in Asia, is called the Sea of Ionia, and not the Ionian Sea. According to some authors, the Ionian Sea receives its name from Io, who swam across it, after her metamorphosis. See Io.

JONK, or JONQUE, in naval affairs, a kind of small ship, very common in the East Indies.

These vessels are about the size of our fly-boats; and differ in form of their building, according to the different methods of naval architecture used by the nations to which they belong. Their sails are frequently made of mats, and their anchors are made of wood.

JONQUILLE', n. s. Fr. jonquille. A species of daffodil. The flowers of this plant are greatly esteemed for their strong sweet scent.

Nor gradual bloom is wanting, Nor hyacinths of purest virgin white, Low bent, and blushing inward; nor jonquilles Of potent fragrance. Thomson's Spring. Is such a life, so tediously the same,

So void of all utility or aim,

That poor Jonquil, with almost every breath
Sighs for his exit, vulgarly called death.
Cowper. Hope.

JONQUILLE. See NARCISSUS. JONSAC, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Charente, nine miles S. S. E. of Pons, and thirteen miles and one-third

N. N. W. of Montlieu.

JONSON (Ben), one of the most considerable dramatic poets of the seventeenth century, was born in Westminster in 1574, and educated at the public school under the great Camden. He was descended from a Scottish family; and his father, whose estate was confiscated by the regent Murray, dying before he was born, and his mother marrying a bricklayer, Ben was taken from school to work at his step-father's trade. Not being fond of this employment, he went into the Low Countries, and distinguished himself in a military capacity. On his return to England, he entered at St. John's College, Cambridge; and, having killed a person in a duel, was condemned, and narrowly escaped execution. After this he turned actor; and Shakspeare is said to have first introduced him to the world, by recommending a play of his to the stage, after it had been rejected. His Alchymist gained him such reputation, that in 1619 he was, at the death of Mr. Daniel, made poet laureat to king James I. and M. A. of Oxford. But, being no economist, we find him after this petitioning king Charles I., on his accession, to enlarge his father's allowance of 100 merks into pounds. He died in August 1637, aged sixty-three, and was buried in Westminster Abbey; and on his grave stone is inscribed 'O rare Ben Jonson.' The most complete edition of his works was printed in 1756, in 7 vols. 8vo.

JOPPA, a sea-port town of Palestine, lying south of Cesarea; and anciently the only port to Jerusalem, whence all the materials sent from Tyre towards the building of Solomon's temple were brought hither and landed. 2 Chr. ii. 16. It is said to have been built by Japhet, and from him to have taken its name Japho, afterwards moulded into Joppa; and even the heathen geographers speak of it as built before the flood. It is now called Jaffa, somewhat nearer to its first appellation. See JAFFA

JORDAN (Camille), a modern French statesman, was born at Lyons in 1771; and, becoming a member of the convention, defended his native city when it was denounced as a focus of counter-revolution. This effort of his zeal obliged him to retire to Switzerland, and afterwards to England. Returning to France, he was, in March 1797, elected by the department of the Rhone to the council of Five Hundred: but the change of the 8th of Fructidor rendered him again an exile, when he retired to Weimar. On Buonaparte succeeding to the power of the directory, Jordan returned home, and in 1802 published a tract, entitled Vrai sens du Vote National sur le Consulat à vie. Under the empire of Napoleon he remained a private citizen. But in 1814 he received from the Bourbons letters of nobility, and was decorated with the order of the legion of honor. He died at Paris, May 19th, 1821. Besides many political pieces, he was the author of various biographical eulogies.

JORDAN, 177, Heb. i. e. the river of judgment, or, as others translate it, the river of Dan, a river of Judæa, so named from the people where it has its source, which is a lake called Phiala, from its round figure, to the north of its apparent rising from the mountain Panium or Paneum, as was discovered by Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis; for, on throwing light bodies into the Phiala, he found them emerge again at Paneum. Josephus. From Paneum it runs in a direct course to a lake called Samachonites; as far as which it is called Jordan the Less; and thence to the Lake of Gennesareth, or of Tiberias, where it comes increased by the lake Samachonites and its springs, and is called the Greater Jordan; continuing its direct course southwards, till it falls into the Asphaltites, or Dead Sea. Near Jericho the Jordan is found deep, and rapid, wider than the Tiber at Rome, and nearly equal to the Thames at Windsor. The banks are steep, and about fifteen feet high. The soil around is deeply impregnated with salt, and covered with efflorescenses of that mineral.

JORDANO (Luca), or LUKE GIORDANO, an eminent Italian painter, born at Naples in 1632. He became very early a disciple of Joseph Ribera; but, going afterwards to Rome, he adopted the manner of Pietro de Cortona, whom he assisted in his larger works. Some of his pictures being seen by Charles II., king of Spain, he engaged him in painting the Escurial. The king showed him a picture of Bassani, expressing a concern that he had not a companior for it: Luca painted one so exactly in Bassani's manner, that it was taken for a performance of that master. For this service he was knighted, and rewarded with several honorable employments. The great works he executed in Spain gave him still greater reputation, when he returned to Naples; so that, though he was a very quick workman, he could not supply the eager demands of the citizens. No one ever painted so much as Jordano; and he often presented altar-pieces to churches that were not able to purchase them. He died in 1705, and left ə large fortune to his family.

JORDANS (James), one of the most eminent painters of the Flemish school, was born at Antwerp in 1593. He learned the principles of his art from Adam Van Ort, whose daughter he married; which connexion hindered him from visiting Italy. He improved most under Rubens; for whom he worked, and from whom he learned his best principles: his taste directed him to large pieces; and his manner was strong and true. A great number of altar-pieces painted by him are preserved in the churches in the Netherlands, which maintain the reputation of this artist. He died in 1678.

JOR'DEN, n. s. receptaculum. A pot. They will allow us ne'er a jorden, and then we leak in your chimney; and your chamberlye breeds fleas like a loach. Shakspeare.

Sax. goɲ, stercus, and den,

This China jorden let the chief o'ercome Replenish, not ingloriously at home.

Pope's Dunciad.

The copper pot can boil milk, heat porridge, hold small beer, or, in case of necessity, serve for a jorden. Swift. JORTIN (John), D. D., a learned English clergyman, born in the parish of St. Giles, Middlesex, October 23d, 1698. His father Renatus Jortin was a native of Bretagne, and came to England in 1685, upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was gentleman of the bedchamber to king William III. in 1691, and afterwards secretary to admiral Russel, Sir G. Rooke, and Sir Cloudesley Shovel; but was shipwrecked with the latter, October 22d, 1707. Young Jortin completed his education at Cambridge; and assisted Pope in his translation of the Iliad, in his eighteenth year. In 1738 lord Winchester gave him the living of Eastwell in Kent; but, the place not agreeing with his health, he soon resigned it. Archbishop Herring, about 1751, presented him to the rectory of St. Dunstan's in the east; and bishop Osbaldiston in 1762 gave him that of Kensington, with a prebend in St. Paul's cathedral, and made him archdeacon of London. His temper, as well as his aspect, was rather morose and saturnine. His sermons were sensible and argumentative: but he appeared to greater advantage as a writer. His Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, his Six Dissertations, his Life of Erasmus, and his Sermons, were extremely well received by the public, and have undergone several editions. He died in 1770.

JOSEPH, 0, Heb. i. e. increase, the eldest son of Jacob by Rachel. The very affecting narrative of his life, of his father's partiality for him, his brethren's envy, his prophetic dreams, las faithful services when sold as a slave, his extraordinary chastity, his unjust imprisonment, his promotion to be prime minister of Egypt, and his preservation of the people, as well as of his father's family, from famine, are recorded in Gen. xxxvii-xlvii.

JOSEPH II., a modern emperor of Germany, was the son of Francis of Lorraine, and Maria Theresa: he was born at Vienna in March 1741, and brought up by his mother with great religious strictness. At the early age of nineteen he was married to an accomplished

princess, Isabella of Parma. Though chosen emperor on the death of his father, in 1765, he possessed but little real power: his mother reigned in her own right, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and sovereign of Austria and the Low Countries. The young emperor was however distinguished by the simplicity and urbanity of his manners, and his ardent desire of information. In 1769 he made the tour of Italy, and on his return paid a visit to the king of Prussia, the consequence of which appeared in the partition of Poland between Austria, Russia, and Prussia in 1772.

In 1777 he was involved in a war with Saxony and Prussia, in consequence of his claims upon Bavaria; but in these hostilities nothing decisive took place in the field, and they terminated under the mediation of France and Russia. In 1780 he had an interview with the empress Catharine in Lithuania, and accompanied her to St. Petersburgh. In the same year the death of his mother left him at liberty to pursue his ecclesiastical and other reforms with less opposition. Some strong edicts followed, regulating the intercourse with the court of Rome, and one granting full toleration to the Protestants, and the privilege of subjects to the Jews. He also sold the church lands for the benefit of the clergy. In 1781 he travelled into Holland and the Netherlands, and resumed a former project respecting the line of fortresses, called the Dutch barrier. On his return to Vienna he still more decidedly attacked the power of the church. He disclaimed all subordination in secular affairs to the Ronian see, suppressed numerous religious houses, and induced Pius VI. to seek by a visit to Vienna to avert for a while various other similar changes. But although the pontiff was treated respectfully, he could produce little alteration in the emperor's plans. In 1784 he claimed of the united provinces the town of Maestricht, and a free navigation of the Scheldt. Sending in October in that year a vessel from Antwerp, with orders to refuse being searched by the Dutch guardships, the interference of France alone prevented a war. The Dutch, however, were obliged to send a deputation to apologise for firing on his vessel. A new code of laws now engaged his attention. It abolished the indiscriminate forfeiture of life, but substituted some punishments which were even more appalling, and upon the whole exhibited little legislative ability. In 1787 he had a violent contest with his subjects in the Low Countries, owing to his determination to introduce the same reforms of an ecclesiastical kind as he had enforced in the rest of his dominions. It resulted in an open revolt. At the close of his life he engaged in a war with Turkey, at the instigation of Catharine, and obtained several considerable successes; but his death-bed was disturbed with the remonstrances of his subjects against his rash innova tions. He died in 1790, and was succeeded by his brother Leopold. See GERMANY.

JOSEPH'S BAY (St.), a bay of West Florida, of the figure of a horse-shoe, being about twelve miles in length, and seven across where broadest. The bar is narrow; and immediately within is from four to six fathoms and a half soft ground.

The best anchorage is within the peninsula, opposite to some ruins that remain of the village of St. Joseph. The peninsula opposite St. Joseph's is very narrow.

JOSEPHINE ROSE TACHTER, the late wife of Napoleon Buonaparte, and empress of France, was born at Martinique, June 24th, 1763. Her maiden name was Rose Tachier de la Pagené. Being brought to France early in life by her father, and distinguished for her beauty, she was married in that country to M. de Beauharnois, governor of the Antilles. About the year 1787 she returned to Martinique on a visit to her mother, and remained with her three years, when the revolutionary events of that colony induced her to take refuge in France. She was now imprisoned with her husband by Robespierre, to whose tyranny M. Beauharnois fell a victim: M. Tallien procured the liberty of Josephine, a benefit she afterwards acknowledged by allowing him a pension. Barras, afterwards a director, procured her the restoration of her husband's property. Soon after she became acquainted with Buonaparte, to whom she was married in 1796. He was then placed in command of the army of Italy, whither she accompanied him. On his embarking for Egypt, she retired to Malmaison, and employed her leisure in forming a museum, and commencing a collection of plants. When he obtained the station of first consul, she exerted her great influence, it is said, in behalf of many exiles, and was universally regarded as the friend of the distressed. Buonaparte said to her at this period:- Si je gagne les batailles, c'est vous qui gagnes les cœurs.' When he assumed the imperial title and authority, a divorce was proposed by some of his partizans, on the same plea of their want of issue, which afterwards prevailed with him. But he then rejected this counsel, and Josephine was crowned empress at Paris, and queen of Italy. Her son was subsequently married to the princess of Bavaria; and her daughter Hortensia to Lewis Buonaparte, king of Holland. length she was destined to descend from her exalted station, to make way for the adulterous marriage of her husband with the princess Maria Louisa of Austria. Malmaison now became her principal residence, and here she amused her leisure with botanical studies, retaining, it is said, a strong affection for Napoleon, and receiving marked attentions from the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, when they entered France but she was at this period laboring under her last illness, and died much respected 29th May, 1814.

At

Sir Walter Scott speaks of her influence over Napoleon as very important to his interests on various occasions. It is remarkable that among the just awards of Providence, on the later life of this unprincipled adventurer, he was as harshly separated from her who had then become his lawful wife, as he had formerly separated himself from this amiable woman.

JOSEPHUS, the celebrated historian of the Jews, was of noble birth; his father Mattathias being descended from the high priests, and his mother of the blood roya! of the Maccabees. He was born A. D. 37, vader Caligula, and

lived under Domitian. At sixteen years of age he joined the sect of the Essenes, and then the Pharisees; and having been successful in a journey to Rome, upon his return to Judea was made captain-general of the Galileans. Being taken prisoner by Vespasian, he foretold his coming to the empire, and, his own deliverance by his means. He accompanied Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, and wrote his Wars of the Jews, which Titus ordered to be put in the public library. He afterwards lived at Rome, where he enjoyed the privileges of a Roman citizen, and where the emperors loaded him with favors, and granted him large pensions. Besides the above work, he wrote, 1. Twenty books of Jewish Antiquities, which he finished under Domitian. 2. Two books against Appian. 3. A Discourse on the Martyrdom of the Maccabees. 4. His own Life. These works are written in Greek.

JOSHUA, Heb. yun, i. e. a Saviour, the renowned general of the Jews, who conducted them through the wilderness, &c., died in 1443, B. C., aged 110.

JOSHUA, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a history of the wars and transactions of the person whose name it bears. This book may be divided into three parts: the first is a history of the conquest of the land of Canaan; the second, which begins at the twelfth chapter, is a description of that country, and the division of it among the tribes; and the third, comprised in the last two chapters, contains the renewal of the covenant he caused the Israelites to make, and the death of their victorious leader and governor. The whole comprehends a term of seventeen, or, according to others, of twenty-seven years.