INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

FIRST METHOD.

"The breaking waves dashed high
On a stern and rock-bound coast."

(a.)

Of what is something here asserted?
Of " waves."

What is said of waves?

Waves "dashed."

What waves dashed?

What breaking waves?

"The" breaking waves.

Waves dashed--how ?

Dashed "high."

Waves dashed-where?

"On a stern and rock-bound coast."

REMARK. By this METHOD of Analysis, a Sentence is resolved into its Proximate Elements.

SECOND METHOD.

"And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave."

(a.)

Of what is an assertion here made?

Of "banner."

What is said of banner?

Banner" doth wave."

What banner doth wave?

"The" "star-spangled" banner.

Banner doth wave-how?

Doth wave "in triumph."

Banner doth wave-where?

"O'er land and home."

O'er what land?

"The" land "of the free."

O'er what home?

"The" home "of the brave."

(b.)

What is the office of the word "and ?"

To introduce the Sentence.

Of the word "the ?"

To tell what "banner."

Of the word "star-spangled?"

To tell what kind of "banner."

Of the word "banner?"

To tell what "doth wave.”

Of the words "in triumph?"

To tell how banner" doth wave."

Of the words "doth wave ?"

To tell what "banner" does?

Of the words "O'er the land of the free and the home

of the brave ?"

To tell where banner" doth wave."

Of the word "the ?"

To tell what "land."

Of the words "of the free ?"

To tell whose "land."

Of the word "the ?"

To tell what "home."

Of the words "of the brave?"

To tell whose "home."

REMARK 1. By this METHOD, Sentences and Phrases are resolved first into their Proximate Elements, then into their Ultimate Elements.

REMARK 2. The Teacher may find it profitable to his smaller pupils, to have repeated exercises like the above, before putting them upon definitions; for this purpose easy sentences may be selected from various parts of this book, or from a reading book. For other MODELS, see pp. 20, 21, 56, 62, 69, 74, and onward. See also Clark's Grammar, pp. 5, 6, 7.

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES,

AND

PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

Definition 1. A Sentence is an assemblage of words, so arranged as to assert an entire proposition.

Principle I. A Sentence

NOTE a.

consists of

PRINCIPAL PARTS (A)

and

ADJUNCTS (a).

This is the principal division of a sentence when adjuncts

are used; but some sentences have no adjuncts.

b. Some words used to introduce sentences, or to connect other words in construction, are neither Principal Parts nor Adjuncts. They perform no part in the structure of a sentence. See "Conjunctions," " Exclamations," Independent words," and "Words of Euphony."

Def. 2. The Principal Parts of a sentence are the words necessary to make the unqualified assertion.

EXAMPLE."Truth crushed to earth will rise again."

Def. 3. An Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, used to qualify or define another word, phrase, or sentence. EXAMPLE."Truth crushed to earth will rise again."

The PREDICATE (C).
The SUBJECT (B).
The OBJECT (D).

NOTE. An Intransitive Sentence has no object.

Def. 4. The Subject of a Sentence is that of which something is asserted.

EXAMPLE."Truth crushed to earth will rise again."

Def. 5. The Predicate of a sentence is the word or words that express what is affirmed of the subject.

EXAMPLES. "Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again.”

"The king of shadows loves a shining mark."

NOTE. The logical predicate of a sentence includes the object;-but in this work, the object is regarded as a distinct element.

Def. 6. The Object of a Sentence is the word or words on which the action, asserted by the Predicate, terminates. EXAMPLE. "The king of shadows loves a shining mark."

"To be, contents his natural desire."

"His being a Minister, prevented his rising to civil power." "That all men are created equal, is a self-evident truth."

Def. 7. A Word is a letter or a combination of letters, used as the sign of an idea.

EXAMPLES. Science, we, book, the, a, an, continent.

Prin. IV. A Word being the

subject of a sentence must be

EXAMPLES. Columbus discovered America.
He chid their wanderings.

SA NOUN (L) or

A PRONOUN (M).

Def. 8. A Noun is a word used as the Name of a being, place, or thing.

EXAMPLES. Science, William, Michigan, wisdom.

Def. 9. A Pronoun is a word used for a Noun.

EXAMPLES. I, thou, he, she, it, who, which, what, some.

Thou art Peter-Man loves himself.

Some said one thing, and some another.

NOTE. The subject of a sentence is not always expressed. See Gr. p. 120.

SUBJECT PHRASES (F).

Def. 10. A Phrase is two or more words properly arranged, not constituting a distinct proposition.

NOTE. A Phrase, incorporated in a Sentence, performs a distinct etymological office in the structure of that sentence.

EXAMPLES."The temples of taste and religion have sunk into

decay."

What temples?

64

Of taste and religion."

Have sunk where ?

"Into decay."

Hence the words "of taste and
religion," taken collectively, de-
scribe" temples." And the
words "into decay" modify
"have sunk."

Prin. V. A Phrase being the subject of a sentence is, in its office, SUBSTANTIve (Ñ).

EXAMPLES. "To be, contents his natural desire."

"His being a Minister, prevented his rising to civil power." Def. 11. A Substantive Phrase is a phrase that performs a substantive office in the structure of a sentence.

NOTE. A Word, Phrase, or Sentence, constituting the Subject of a Sentence, or the Object of an Action or Relation, performs a Substantive office."

"To be, contents his natural desire."

What contents his natural desire?

"To be," i. e. mere existence.

"I doubted his having been a soldier.”

I doubted what?

"His having been a soldier."

"The importance of excluding tobacco from the school was generally admitted."

The importance of what, was generally admitted?

SUBJECT SENTENCES (G).

Def. 12. A Sentence is an assemblage of words, so arranged as to assert an entire proposition.

Prin. VI. A Sentence being the Subject of another sentence is, in its office, SUBSTANTIVE (O).