1. Enumerate the seaports of Italy, beginning from the French frontier. State the times at which any of these towns obtained their greatest commercial or political development, and what were the causes of their decline?

2. Explain fully the various routes to the East taken by the first four Crusades.

3. What was the geographical extent of the Spanish dominions in the time of Elizabeth?

4. Give a short geographical description of Cyprus. What has been its commercial and military importance in past times?

5. What are the principal countries in Europe inhabited by Slavs? Do you consider that identity of race is a necessary constituent of a nationality?

6. Describe accurately or draw a map of the political distribution of territory in Europe in the year 1200 or in the year 1600.

7. How far can the political decline of Sweden be accounted for by its physical geography?

8. Trace accurately the north-eastern and eastern boundary of France from the German Ocean to the Mediterranean, noting where it is a natural and where a conventional boundary, and where it is identical with the boundary of language.

9. Enumerate the various colonies that make up the Dominion of Canada. Is the physical configuration of the country favourable or unfavourable to the cohesion of the Dominion, and why?

10. In travelling from Calais to St. Petersburg name in order the countries you will pass through, the principal rivers you will cross, and the chief towns on or near the

route.

[M. T. 1878.]

Pass School. Group B.

Chaucer and Piers the Plowman.

1. When were the Canterbury Tales written? What materials did Chaucer use for those Tales you have read?

2. Describe the dress of a Franciscan Friar, a Plowman, and a Burgher in the time of William Langland.

3. What books does the author of Piers Plowman quote from? Notice others which he alludes to.

4. Put into modern English, explaining allusions, etc. :—

(1) For thus witnesseth his worde worche pow pereafter;

For trewthe tellep þat loue is triacle of heuene;

May no synne be on him sene pat vseth pat spise,
And alle his werkes he wrouzte with loue as him liste;
And lered it Moises for pe leuest þing and moste like to

heuene,

And also pe plante of pees moste precious of vertues. For heuene myzte nouzte holden it it was so heuy of hym-self,

Tyl it hadde of pe ertheyeten his fylle.

And whan it haued of pis folde flesshe & blode taken, Was neuere leef vpon lynde lizter per-after,

And portatyf and persant as pe poynt of a nedle,
That myзte non armure it lette ne none heiz walles.

For-pi is loue leder of pe lordes folke of heuene, And a mene, as pe Maire is bitwene pe kyng and pe

comune;

Rizt so is loue a ledere and pe lawe shapeth,

Vpon man for his mysdedes pe merciment he taxeth.
And for to knowe it kyndely it comseth bi myght,
And in pe herte pere is pe heuede and þe heiz welle.

[Turn over.