European History, 1048-1254.

1. In what respects did the German Popes prepare the way for the policy of Hildebrand? Give a list of the German Popes, with the dates of their Pontificates, and particulars as to their personal history.

2. Show how the Council at Rome in February 1075, the Synod at Worms, and the Diet at Tribur mark distinct stages in the struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII.

3. The Crusades established in the Christian mind the justice and the piety of religious wars.' Comment on this statement. What were the views of mediaeval statesmen, lay as well as ecclesiastical, as to the treatment of infidels and heretics? Is religious persecution ever justifiable?

4. What was the subject of dispute between Henry I and Anselm? How was it settled, and how and when was the similar question settled in the Empire?

5. Give a short life of Bernard. In what respect can he be considered a typical representative of mediaeval Christianity?

6. State what you know of the origin and history of the Military Orders. What were the causes of their decline?

7. On what grounds was the ecclesiastical supremacy of the Pope within the Church based? Were any attempts made during this period at asserting national ecclesiastical independence?

8. Account for the prevalence of the Manichaean heresy in Southern France. In what way did political considerations influence the conduct of Innocent III in his dealings with the Count of Toulouse?

[Turn over.

9. In what respects did Frederic II's idea of Universal Empire differ from that of his predecessors? What is your opinion as to his character as a statesman, and as to the justice of his treatment by the Popes?

10. What was the origin of the Lombard League? What was its political importance in the struggle between the Papacy and the Empire? How do you account for the prevalence of republican institutions in Northern Italy? In what respects did mediaeval Italian republicanism differ from other forms of republicanism in ancient and modern times?

[T. T. 1879.]

Pass School. Group B.

European History, 1527-1648.

1. Compare the effective power of Charles V and Francis I at the beginning of the struggle between them.

2. Instead of the man of the people Luther became the man of the princes.' Comment on this statement, showing how it was that the course of the Reformation was so early affected by political influences.

3. Give a short sketch of the origin and history of the Anabaptists.

4. Describe the character of L'Hôpital, and show the importance of his administration in the history of France.

5. About what time would you date the beginning of the decline of the Turkish power, and to what causes would you attribute it?

6. Summarise the provisions of the edict of Nantes. What other attempts were there during this period at the establishment of Religious Toleration in France or elsewhere in Europe?

7. Describe the extent and nature of the foreign missionary enterprises of the early Jesuits.

8. Write a short summary of the history of Sweden from the middle of the sixteenth century to the accession of Gustavus Adolphus.

9. What was the nature of the foreign commerce and the extent of the colonial possessions of England, Holland, Spain, and Portugal, in 1648?

10. Which do you consider to have been the most powerful motive to war during this period-religious, commercial, or dynastic jealousy? Give examples.

11. What were the general provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia? In what respect may it be looked upon as an epoch in the history of Germany?

[T. T. 1879.]

1. Is the division of Shakespeare's plays into comedies, histories, and tragedies a good division? What is the origin of it?

2. Shakespeare, whose genius to itself a law,

Could men in every height of nature draw.' Illustrate from your plays the truth of this statement.

3. What are the arguments for and against the introduction into the drama of magical or non-natural agencies? What is your own opinion as to the propriety of so doing? Illustrate from your plays.

4. What is meant by the 'unities' of the drama? In which of his plays does Shakespeare more particularly

observe the unities?

5. In the rank and order of geniuses it must be allowed that the writer of good tragedy is superior.' Do you agree with this judgment of Warton's, and why? Do you consider Shakespeare to have been greater in tragedy or in comedy?

6. Give instances in which Shakespeare takes words or sentences from foreign languages. How far does the use of non-English words detract from purity of style?

7. Explain the meaning and etymology of the following words; illustrate from your plays their use by Shakespeare:sectary, entrinse, fetch (subst.), plain (verb), regreet, arras, affront, mazzard, gaberdine, corollary, yare.

8. Explain with reference to the context the following passages:

(1) This is the excellent foppery of the world, that, when we are sick in fortune, (often the surfeit of our own be

[Turn over.