The Second Law: An Introduction to Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics

absolute temperature acid adiabatic AStotal atoms Boltzmann's cal/deg cal/deg-mole cal/mole calculated calories chemical system cold concentration configurational entropy decreases degrees of freedom dissociation electron energy change energy levels enthalpy entropy change equal equation equilibrium constant equilibrium with respect escaping tendency example expression formula free energy freezing gases H₂ H₂O H₂O(liq H₂O+ H3O+ heat capacity heat engine high temperatures hydrochloric acid ideal gas increases ions liquid phase liquid water low temperatures mechanical microstates molar entropy molar free energy mole molecules monoclinic motion n₁ N₂ occur oscillators P₁ partial pressure particles potential energy Problems for Chapter produced protons quantity Raoult's Law reactants reaction reversible room temperature rotational Second Law solid solution solvent spontaneously substance substance's T₁ T₂ thermal energy thermal surroundings thermodynamic total entropy universe V₁ vapor pressure vibrational water vapor weight zero ΔΕ ΔΗ