The Second Law: An Introduction to Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics

acid addition amount AStotal atoms body cal/deg cal/deg-mole calculated called calories Chapter chemical chemical system cold concentration condition considered constant corresponding decreases depends derivative determined difference distribution effect electron entropy entropy change equal equation equilibrium event example excited expansion expression fact final finds follows formula free energy freezing function given greater H2O+ heat heat capacity Hence hydrogen ideal gas increases initial ions length less liquid liquid water lower mass mechanical melting molar mole molecules motion object obtained occur oscillators particles phase positive potential pressure problem produced properties protons pure quantity quantum mechanics reaction relation represent respect result reversible Show solid solution solvent spontaneously stable statement substance temperature thermal energy thermal surroundings thermodynamic units universe vapor vibrational volume weight zero