The second law: an introduction to classical and statistical thermodynamics

A£wt absolute temperature acid adiabatic AStotal atoms ature Boltzmann's cal/deg cal/deg-mole cal/mole calculated calories chemical system cold concentration configurational entropy constant volume decreases degrees of freedom dissociation electron energy change enthalpy entropy change equal equation equilibrium constant equilibrium with respect escaping tendency example excited expression free energy free energy curve freezing gases heat capacity heat engine high temperatures hydrochloric acid ideal gas increases ions isothermal expansion liquid phase liquid water low temperatures mechanical melting point microstates molar entropy molar free energy mole molecular molecules monoclinic motion occur oscillators partial pressure particles potential energy Problems for Chapter produced protons quantity Raoult's Law reactants reaction H2 relation reversible room temperature rotational Second Law solid solution solvent spontaneously stable substance substance's sulfur thermal energy thermal surroundings thermodynamic total entropy universe vapor pressure vibrational water vapor weight zero