The Principles of Thermodynamics

adiabatic atomic boiling point C₂ calories carbonic acid Carnot cycle Carnot's cycle cell Clausius constant pressure constant temperature cooling effect critical temperature curve cylinder Daniell cell diagram E₁ electrons entropy equal equation equilibrium experiment fluid formula function gases Gibbs gram heat given heat Q heat taken Hence hydrogen increase of entropy internal energy irreversible isothermal process Joule latent heat liquid and vapour m₁ mixture nucleus number of molecules osmotic pressure P₁ perature perfect gas phase phase rule Phil piston plug Q₁ Q₂ radiation Rankine cycle refrigerator reversible cycle reversible engine saturated steam solution specific heat Stefan's law substance surface t₂ takes in heat temperature and pressure temperature t₁ theory thermodynamical Thomson unit volume v₁ v₂ vaporisation vapour pressure vibration wave-lengths მა