Jews to leave the country), by unrelenting persecution, by intermarriage, and by the natural consequences of separation from the rest of their brethren, the Jews assimilated more and more with the rest of the population. All through the last century families of New Christians, in groups or singly, continued to find their way out of the Peninsula, and, after two hundred and more years of disguise, openly resumed Judaism; even in our own times isolated examples of the same circumstance are known to have happened. Since the beginning of the present century foreign Jews have been permitted to settle in Portugal, and there are now synagogues in Lisbon and two or three other cities; the Portuguese Inquisition, however, was only formally abolished in 1821, although it had long become practically inoperative. In Spain, Napoleon put an end to the Holy Court in 1808; it was reopened, however, when Ferdinand VII. was restored, and the reaction set in, but finally the Inquisition was closed, let us hope for ever, in 1820. At this day there are probably no secret Jews in Spain or Portugal, for though there are still remote parts of Andalusia, and certain districts, especially in the neighbourhood of Braganza, where the greater part of the population is known to be of Jewish origin, and where still some lingering tra ditions of Hebrew observances can be traced, the meaning of such practices has now become lost, and they are merely recognised as customs of unknown significance handed down from preceding generations. 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