UNIVERSITY

EXAMINATION PAPERS.

1856.

UNDERGRADUATE HONOR EXAMINATION PAPERS. Hilary Term.

SENIOR SOPHISTERS.

Experimental Physics.

CHEMISTRY.

1. In what proportions by volume should ammonia and carbonic acid be presented to each other so that the compound formed should be binary? Explain also generally the mode of solving such a question.

2. Write the formula of the compound formed when into water of ammonia sulphuretted hydrogen is passed as long as it continues to be absorbed; and explain in symbols the action of the compound thus produced on a solution of nitrate of lead.

3. Give the theory of the production of sulphuric acid which you have heard explained in the Chemical Course.

4. What is the reaction of potash on an excess of sulphur when the two are boiled together with water; and how, from the solution, would you prepare persulphuretted hydrogen?

5. Enumerate the metals whose acid solutions in mineral acids are not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen, and those whose precipitates with sulphuretted hydrogen are soluble in the sulphuret of ammonium.

6. Explain the production of fluosilicic gas, the action of water upon it, and the formula for hydrofluosilicic acid, 1st, on the supposition that silex is Si O3; 2nd, on the hypothesis of its being Si O2.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.

1. When a mineral has more cleavages than one, what is the law which governs the relative degrees of facility with which they may be effected? 2. What are the rules by which we are guided in the selection of the principal form?

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3. Should the angles of a regular octahedron be bevilled by a pair of planes resting symmetrically on two opposite edges, to what simple form do they give rise, and what is its notation?

4. What is the compound form whose simple forms have the following notation:

5. An ikosihedron is occasionally found in the first system as a compound form; what are its constituent simple forms, and the notation of each?

6. Write the notation of the oblique prisms of the 5th system belonging to the principal octahedron.

GEOLOGY.

1. Give an account of Bischoff's and of Davy's Theories of Volcanic Action.

2. Describe the subdivisions, and give the formula of the Feldspar family; and state the rocks of which they are component parts.

3. Sounding at sea in a hundred fathoms water, in a particular locality, the bottom is found to be composed of large angular stones, mixed up with dead limpets and periwinkle shells. How does this result differ from what you would expect; and what geological changes does it indicate?

4. What is the character of the living and dead mollusca, dredged from the deep depressions of the Scottish and North of England seabottoms? Mention the names of any such shells you are acquainted with.

5. State the arguments, geological or otherwise, in favour of the nebular hypothesis, and the objections which have been made to it.

6. State and prove the laws of climate, and apply them to the explanation of the following facts:-that the harbour of Hammerfest is clear of ice during the entire year; and that on the English and Scotch coasts, in January, there is the same temperature from Dover to the Shetland Islands.

HEAT.

1. If a lump of ice at 32° F., and weighing 10 lbs., be plunged into two gallons and a half of water at 212°, to what temperature will the water fall when all the ice is melted ?

2. A bath capable of holding 250 gallons is to be filled with water at 96° F.; how much water at 212°, and how much at 56°, must be mixed in order to do so?

3. How many pounds of water at 50° F. will be required to condense one pound of steam at 212°, the temperature of the water in the condenser being 98°?

4. How many cubic feet of steam, at 45 lbs. pressure on the square inch, will be furnished by the evaporation of one gallon of water?

5. The wet and dry bulb thermometers stand at 56° and 63°; calculate the weight of a cubic foot of the atmosphere, taking its moisture into account. The barometer reading reduced = 29.52.

6. Two pints of water at 212° are thrown into a vessel which weighs 40 ounces, and the temperature of which is 50°. The water is observed to fall through 7°. From this calculate the specific heat of the vessel.

Classics.

ARISTOTLE-NICOMACHEAN ETHICS.

1. Aristotle lived at a period peculiarly favourable to the exercise of his philosophical genius?

2. His method of instruction differed from that of Socrates; to whom his views on the subject of the moral conduct of men were opposed in an important respect?

3. Give a brief account of the circumstances which brought Aristotle's works into notice in modern times; and point out the reasons which have caused the spirit of his philosophy not to be duly appreciated.

4. Explain Aristotle's method in the treatment of his subjects. He differs from Plato in his conception of the idea?

5. Describe the circumstances which preceded the rise of Epaminondas, and state the politic means adopted by him to promote the supremacy of Thebes.

6. What was the great defect in the views of Alexander; and how were his conquests beneficial to the nations of the East?

7. What was the position of Greece at the death of Aristotle? Another distinguished man died the same year?

8. What distinctions existed between ypápai and dicat, as to the persons who could appear as plaintiffs, and as to the penalties in case of failure? Before what officer would such a charge as that against Aristotle be commenced?

9. Describe the geographical position of Issus, and the advantages which it afforded to Alexander? Where and in what year did he penetrate into India?

ro. Distinguish the terms είδος, μορφή; πόιησις, πρᾶξις; ἀκρατής, ἀκόλαστος.

11. How are the various parts of the Greek verb used in the apodosis; i. e. in connecting the consequence of some supposition with it?

12. Such verbs as ἄρχειν, ἡγεῖσθαι, &c., are found governing genitive, dative, and accusative: state the difference of the senses in these constructions.

13. When expressing the relation of cause, how do ἀπό and ὑπό differ in the sense conveyed?

14. α. ὁ δὲ μεγαλόψυχος. Καὶ οἷος εὖ ποιεῖν· εὐεργετούμενος, δ ̓ ἀισχύνεται· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑπερέχοντος, τὸ δὲ ὑπερεχομένου· καὶ ἀντευεργετικὸς πλειόνων.

Explain the words καὶ οἷος εὖ ποιεῖν and the construction of πλειόνων. δ. πρὸς γὰρ τὰ τῷ γένει ἕτερα καὶ τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς μορίων ἕτερον τῳ γένει τὸ πρὸς ἑκάτερον πεφυκός, εἴπερ καθ' ὁμοιότητά τινα καὶ οἰκειότητα ἡ γνῶσις ὑπάρχει αὐτῶις.

Translate and explain the connexion of the words πρὸς ἑκάτερον.

C. εἰ δὴ οἷς ἀληθεύομεν, καὶ μηδέποτε διαψευδόμεθα περὶ τὰ μὴ ἐνδεχόμενα, ἢ καὶ ἐνδεχόμενα ἄλλως ἔχειν, ἐπιστήμη καὶ φρόνησίς ἐστι καὶ σοφία, καὶ νοῦς· τούτων δὲ τριῶν μηθὲν ἐνδέχεται εἶναι· (λέγω δὲ τρία, φρόνησιν, σοφίαν, ἐπιστήμην) λείπεται νοῦν εἶναι τῶν ἀρχῶν.

What is the antecedent to oἷς ? and translate the first clause.

How is a supposition which is not true expressed by the Greek verb with si?

α. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ πολιτικὴ καὶ ἡ φρόνησις ἡ ἀυτὴ μὲν ἕξις· τὸ μὲν εἶναι, οὐ τὸ αὐτὸ αὐταῖς.

Explain the sense and construction of the last clause.

ε. ἔτι ἐπεὶ δύο τρόποι τῶν προτασέων, ἔχοντα μέν ἀμφοτέρας, οὐθὲν κωλύει πράττειν παρὰ τὴν ἐπιστήμην· χρώμενον μέντοι τῷ καθόλου, ἀλλὰ μὴ τῇ κατὰ μέρος· πρακτὰ γὰρ καθ ̓ ἕκαστα. Explain this passage and the terms used in it.

One of each pair of the following passages to be translated into English Prose, no portion being omitted.

Ι.

Κατά τὴν ἕξιν γὰρ καὶ τῷ τοιόσδε εἶναι ἀλαζών ἐστιν, ὥσπερ καὶ ψεύστης· ὁ μὲν τῷ ψεύδει αὐτῷ χαίρων, ὁ δὲ δόξης ὀρεγόμενος ἢ κέρδους. Οἱ μὲν οὖν δόξης χάριν ἀλαζονευόμενοι, τὰ τοιαῦτα προσποιοῦνται, ἐφ ̓ οἷς ἔπαινος ἢ εὐδαιμονισμός· οἱ δὲ κέρδους, ὧν ἀπόλαυσίς ἐστι τοῖς πέλας· καὶ ἃ διαλαθεῖν ἐστι μὴ ὄντα, οἷον ἰατρὸν ἢ μάντιν σοφόν. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ πλεῖστοι προσποιοῦνται τὰ τοιαῦτα, καὶ ἀλαζο νεύονται· ἔστι γὰρ ἐν αὐτοῖς τὰ εἰρημένα. Οἱ δ ̓ εἴρωνες ἐπὶ τὸ ἔλαττον λέγοντες, χαριέστεροι μὲν τὰ ἤθη φαίνονται· οὐ γὰρ κέρδους ἕνεκα δοκοῦσι λέγειν, ἀλλὰ φεύγοντες τὸ ὀγκηρόν μάλιστα δὲ καὶ οὗτοι τὰ ἔνδοξα ἀπαρνοῦνται· οἷον καὶ Σωκράτης ἐποίει. Οἱ δὲ καὶ τά μικρὰ καὶ τὰ φανερὰ προσποιούμενοι, βαυκοπανούργοι λέγονται, καὶ εὐκαταφρόνητοί εἰσι· καὶ ἐνίοτε ἀλαζονεία φαίνεται, οἷον ἡ τῶν Λακώνων ἐσθής· καὶ γὰρ ἡ ὑπερβολὴ καὶ ἡ λίαν ἔλλειψις ἀλαζονικόν. Οἱ δὲ μετρίως χρώμενοι τῇ εἰρωνείᾳ, καὶ περὶ τὰ μὴ λίαν ἐμποδὼν καὶ φανερὰ εἰρωνευόμενοι, χαρίεντες φαίνονται.

̓Απορήσειε δ ̓ ἄν τις, πῶς ὑπολαμβάνων ὀρθῶς ἀκρατεύεται τις ἐπιστάμενον μὲν οὖν οὐ φασί τινες οἷόν τε εἶναι· δεινὸν γὰρ ἐπιστήμης

ἐνούσης, ὡς ᾤετο Σωκράτης, ἄλλο τι κρατεῖν, καὶ περιέλκειν αὐτὸν ὥσπερ ἀνδράποδον· Σωκράτης μὲν γὰρ ὅλως ἐμάχετο πρὸς τὸν λόγον, ὡς οὐκ οὔσης ἀκρασίας· οὐθένα γὰρ ὑπολαμβάνοντα πράττειν παρὰ τὸ βέλτιστον, ἀλλὰ δι' ἄγνοιαν. Οὗτος μὲν οὖν ὁ λόγος ἀμφισβητεῖ τοῖς φαινομένοις ἐναργῶς, καὶ δέον ζητεῖν τὸ πάθος, εἰ δι' ἄγνοιαν, τίς ὁ τρόπος γίνεται τῆς ἀγνοίας· ὅτι γὰρ οὐκ οἴεταί γε ὁ ἀκρατευόμενος, πρὶν ἐν τῷ πάθει γενέσθαι, φανερόν. Εἰσὶ δέ τινες, οἳ τὰ μὲν συγχωροῦσι, τὰ δ ̓ οὔ· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐπιστήμης μηθὲν εἶναι κρεῖττον ὁμολογοῦσι· τὸ δὲμηθένα πράττειν παρὰ τὸ δόξαν βέλτιον οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ἀκρατῆ φασιν οὐκ ἐπιστήμην ἔχοντα κρατεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἡδονῶν, ἀλλὰ δόξαν. ̓Αλλὰ μὴν εἴ γε δόξα, καὶ μὴ ἐπιστήμη, μηδ' ἰσχυρὰ ὑπόληψις ἡ ἀντιτείνουσα, ἀλλ' ήρεμαία, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς διστάζουσι, συγγνώμη τῷ μὴ ἐν ταύταις μένειν πρὸς ἐπιθυμίας ἰσχυράς· τῇ δὲ μοχθηρίᾳ οὐ συγγνώμη, οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων οὐδενὶ τῶν ψεκτῶν.

Π.

Βουλευτὸν δὲ καὶ προαιρετὸν τὸ αὐτό· πλὴν ἀφωρισμένον ἤδη τὸ προαιρετὸν τὸ γὰρ ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς προκριθὲν, προαιρετόν ἐστι· παύεται γὰρ ἕκαστος ζητῶν, πῶς πράξει, ὅταν εἰς αὑτὸν ἀναγάγῃ τὴν ἀρχὴν, καὶ αὑτοῦ εἰς τὸ ἡγούμενον· τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ προαιρούμενον. Δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀρχαίων πολιτειῶν, ὃς Ὅμηρος ἐμιμεῖτο· οἱ γὰρ βασιλεῖς, ἃ προέλοιντο, ἀνήγγελον τῷ δήμῳ. Οντος δὲ τοῦ προαιρετοῦ, βουλευτοῦ ὀρεκτοῦ τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν, καὶ ἡ προαίρεσις ἂν εἴη βουλευτικὴ ὄρεξις τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν· ἐκ τοῦ βουλεύσασθαι γὰρ κρίναντες, ὀρεγόμεθα κατὰ τὴν βούλευσιν. Ἡ μὲν οὖν προαίρεσις τύπῳ εἰρήσθω, καὶ περὶ ποιά ἐστι, καὶ ὅτι τῶν πρὸς τὰ τέλη.

Ετι, διδακτὴ πᾶσα ἐπιστήμη δοκεῖ εἶναι, καὶ τὸ ἐπιστητὸν, μαθητόν· ἐκ προγινωσκομένων δὲ πᾶσα διδασκαλία, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀναλυτι κοῖς ἐλέγομεν· ἡ μὲν γὰρ, δι' ἐπαγωγῆς· ἡ δὲ, συλλογισμό. Η μὲν δὴ ἐπαγωγὴ ἀρχή ἐστι καὶ τοῦ καθόλου· ὁ δὲ συλλογισμὸς ἐκ τῶν καθόλου· εἰσὶν ἄρα ἀρχαὶ, ἐξ ὧν ὁ συλλογισμὸς, ὧν οὐκ ἔστι συλλογισμός· ἐπαγωγὴ ἄρα. Η μὲν ἄρα ἐπιστήμη ἐστὶν ἕξις ἀποδεικτικὴ, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα προσδιοριζόμεθα ἐν τοῖς ἀναλυτικοῖς· ὅταν γὰρ πως πιστεύῃ, καὶ γνώριμοι αὐτῷ ὦσιν αἱ ἀρχαὶ, ἐπίσταται· εἰ γὰρ μὴ μᾶλλον του συμπεράσματος, κατὰ συμβεβηκὺς ἕξει τὴν ἐπιστήμην. Περὶ μὲν οὖν ἐπιστήμης διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον.

TO BE TRANSLATED INTO GREEK PROSE.

Itaque non deterret sapientem mors (quæ propter incertos casus quotidie imminet, propter brevitatem vitæ nunquam longe potest abesse) quo minus in omne tempus reipublicæ suisque consulat, et posteritatem ipsam, cujus sensum habiturus non sit, ad se putet pertinere. Quare licet, etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem æterna moliri non gloriæ cupiditate, quam sensurus non sis, sed virtutis, quam necessario gloria, etiam si tu id non agas, consequatur. Natura vero sic se habet, ut, quomodo initium nobis rerum omnium ortus noster afferat, sic exitum mors; ut nihil pertinuit ad nos ante ortum, sic nihil post mortem pertinebit. In quo quid potest esse mali, cum mors nec ad vivos pertineat, nec ad mortuos? alteri nulli sunt, alteros non attingit. Quam qui leviorem faciunt, somni simillimum volunt esse quasi vero quisquam ita nonaginta annos