Wiburne (No. 36); Richard Chambers (No. 38); William Cole (No. 71); Thomas Lever (No. 94), who had been pastor of the English congregation at Arau; and James Pilkington (No. 101), who became bishop of Durham. John Baron (No. 27) has been already mentioned, who is recorded at first as a "student," and would seem to have been a printer. Another Englishman, Rowland Hall (No. 49), is expressly represented as practising this art; and after his return to his own country, he printed a translation of the Edicts of Geneva (London, 1562).3 Besides, John Bodley and William Williams had a press at Geneva in 1558. This John Bodley, father of Sir Thomas, took a deep interest in the Genevan translation of the Bible, and is said to have defrayed the entire cost of the publica

tion.4

SUBSEQUENT RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH AND THE GENE

VANS TO EACH OTHER.

This sketch would be incomplete if we should leave out of sight entirely the subsequent relation of the refugees and their protectors to each other. The republic which had granted an asylum to the colony, did not content itself with

1 Pilkington was the first Protestant bishop of the See of Durham. The Parker Society has published a volume of his works, with a biographical notice, edited by the late Professor Scholefield, of Cambridge.

* His name stands as "printer" on the title-page of the first edition of the Genevan Bible.

See Mémoires et Documents de la Société d'Histoire et Archeologie de Genève, Tom. VIII. p. 439 (une Communication de M. Ch. Le Fort).

4 The art of printing in those days was eminently a liberal art, and demanded a superior literary culture on the part of those devoted to it. Stephens and Froben, for instance, were able to correct, as well as print, the text of the classic authors, and to adorn their editions with learned and elegant annotations.

Those, it should be remarked here, designated in the Tables as 'students' formed an important part of the colony. Most of them were young men occupied with studies designed to qualify them for the ministry, or some other public sphere, in which they might defend the Protestant faith against Romanism, and, in general, advance the cause of Christian truth. They were instructed by the learned men of their own community, and to some extent heard the lectures of the foreign teachers of theology at Geneva. Similar "schools of the prophets" existed in the other English colonies. They were supported chiefly

merely accompanying the exiles with their good wishes at the moment of departure. In compliance with a desire expressed by them, their friends at Geneva consented to part with one of their pastors, that he might proceed to London and take charge of the French church in that city. The person selected for this service was Nicolas Gallasius, either because no one could be found, beyond the circle of the Genevan ministers, more fitted to execute this mission, or more probably because the choice had been indicated by the bishop of London. He was a learned man, and enjoyed the special friendship of Calvin. He had lived at Geneva a long time, where he had received the rights of citizenship in 1551. In 1557 he had officiated as pastor to the church of their faith at Paris. The election of the company was ratified on the twenty-sixth of April, 1560, by the Council; and on the third of May that body granted an audience of leave (de conge) to the new pastor of London. On the third of October, on the communication of a letter of thanks from his church, some assistance was granted to his wife, who was obliged to remain and pass the winter at Geneva.

Gallasius, on his arrival in England, did not fail to report to Calvin the friendly reception accorded to him. Under date of June 30, he wrote as follows:

"I waited upon the bishop, by whom I was received very courteously. I presented to him, my father, your letter, which he read in my presence, with an open and cheerful countenance, and forthwith briefly related to me its contents; expressing his thanks to you for having written to him in so friendly a manner, and also for reminding him of his duty. He then accosted the elders who had accompanied me to his residence, to some of whom my arrival was

from funds contributed by wealthy merchants in London, who were in sympathy with the exiles, and, in anticipation of happier days in England, sought in this way to provide men, who at the opportune moment could be thrust at once into the field, and gather fruit for the Lord of the harvest.

1 The Registres du Conseil (vol. de 1560–61) contain various notices of this transaction, under dates of April 19 and 21, May 3, and October 3.

by no means agreeable, and exhorted them not to be ungrateful to God and you; since they had obtained more than they had dared to hope for; that they should follow my recommendations, and henceforth act in all circumstances by my advice, and shew themselves friendly towards me, and admonish the whole church of their duty towards me. Then turning to me apart, he offered me his good offices, and that I might have familiar access to him as often as I wished. I requested that all matters in our church. might be determined by his authority, by which means our people would be more effectually kept to their duty; and that he would be pleased to be present, or rather to preside, at the reading of your letter to them. He replied, that in this matter he resigned all his authority to myself, but that he would willingly attend if he could be of any use. He afterwards added something about appointing as my colleague Peter Alexander, who was acceptable to the people, and had begun to gather a church before my arrival; and who was the more acceptable because he neither required any salary, nor was likely to become a burden to what is now a poor and necessitous church; for he has a valuable prebend at Canterbury, the revenue of which he could easily receive during his absence, under the plea of this appointment. I replied that I would farther deliberate and confer with him upon this matter; but that I would take no steps without consulting him."1

Gallasius remained in England only three years. Perhaps he found his life there made unpleasant by some troubles which he experienced from a colleague, Peter Alexander, of Arles, who had lived in the family of the archbishop Cranmer, and who afterward had been pastor of the French church at Strasburg. But be this as it may, there were serious reasons relating to his health, which compelled him. to return, as the bishop himself informs us in the following letter, the original of which is in the public library (Bibliothéke publique) at Geneva. It is addressed to Calvin, and dated at London, June 19, 1563:

1 The Zurich Letters, Vol. II. Ep. 29.

"We are much indebted, most illustrious master Calvin, to your piety, and also to your whole church, for having so long afforded us the services of the most learned master Gallasius; who has not only left to his successor, master Cousins, in a state of quietness and good order, the church which he found, at his coming, in a most disturbed condition, but has also, by his advice and prudence, been of great use both to myself and our churches. I should not, indeed, have willingly let him go, had he not had a better reason for leaving us than we could wish. Our climate, it seems, does not agree with his constitution, and has greatly injured his health, besides depriving him of a beloved wife (to say nothing of his children); so that him whom we now send back as an invalid, there would be reason to fear, if he remained among us another winter, that we should not send back at all. It was, therefore, of the first importance for him to return to his native air for the recovery of his health; and we desire nothing more earnestly than that you may, each of you, be enabled freely to preach the gospel in your common country. Although, in the present state of things, partly through the delay or rather tardiness of some parties, and partly through the over-hasty conduct of others (to use no severer term), there seems but little hope of this; yet I doubt not but that God himself, by means unknown to us, that we may not glory in men, will bring the whole matter to a happy issue. I grieve from my heart that at your age, and with so slender a frame, you have been attacked, as Gallasius informs me, with a fit of the gout. I have no doubt but that you have contracted this disorder by excessive study and exertion. Henceforth, therefore, you must relax somewhat of your former labours and unseasonable lucubrations; lest, by not sparing yourself, you greatly increase your disease, and become of less benefit to the church. Think of Gregory Nazianzen, who, because he did not, when advanced in years, relax at all from that austerity which he practised in early life, was almost constantly obliged to keep his bed, and on that account was rendered less useful to the church. As you and

Bullinger are almost the only chief pillars remaining, we desire to enjoy you both (if it please God) as long as possible. I purposely omit mention of Brentius, who, having undertaken the advocacy of the very worst of causes, seems no longer to acknowledge us as brethren.

Master Gallasius, who brings you this letter, can give you the best information of the state of our kingdom and church; so that I have at this time no occasion to write upon these subjects. Salute, I pray you, in my name, master Beza and your other colleagues; as also master Antony, the professor of Hebrew. May the Lord Jesus very long preserve your pious colony to us and to his church.

Your most devoted in the Lord,

EDMUND GRINDAL.

Bishop of London.

This letter has been translated and printed in the collection of the Zurich Letters. It is pleasant to meet with such sentiments of respect and affection for Calvin, on the part of one of the leaders of the Anglican church, who was also one of the signers of the letter written from Frankfort on the 5th of April, 1555, from which some passages were cited in the earlier part of this Article (page 476).

As to Gallasius himself, he appeared, on his return, before the Council, and presented his letters of recommendation from the French church at London, and of the English "who had formerly resided in Geneva, and cherished still a lively sense of the benefits which they had received here." In the following year he was called to serve the church at Orleans; and after 1571 he fixed himself permanently in his original country, with the sanction of the Council, at the special solicitation of the queen of Navarre.2

GOODMAN'S LETTER TO CALVIN.

It would be inexcusable to part from this subject without reprinting, here, at least one of the several elegant Latin

Zurich Letters, Vol. II. Ep. 42.

2 Registre du Conseil. vol. de 1563, fol. 85, July 30.