Imatges de pàgina
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b. Roots like ad, "to eat"; pā, "to protect"; yā," "to go," having no Guna substitute, do not change at all (admi, &c. ; pāmi, &c.; yāmi, &c.). But daridrā, par. "to be poor," makes its base daridri before the consonantal terminations not marked with P, and daridr before ati, uh, atu (3d pers. sing. dual, plur. daridrāti, daridritah, daridrati), see note marked ‡, p. 69.

c. The root stu, "to praise," and some others in u, take Vriddhi before the consonantal P terminations,* changing u to uv before the vowel terminations. Hence, the three bases, stau, stu, stuv (stauti, stutah, stuvanti). Similarly, su, ātm. "to bring forth," makes suv before the vowel terminations (sūte, suvāte, suvate); ■ brū, “to speak," makes bravi before the consonantal P terminations, and bruv before the vowel terminations. Hence, in the par., the three bases, bravī, brū, bruv (bravīti, brūtah, bruvanti); and in the atm. the two bases brū, bruv (brūte, bruvāte, bruvate).

d. Rud, "to weep," besides the usual Guna change, adds i to the root before all the consonantal terminations except y. Hence the three bases rodi, rudi, rud (roditi, ruditah, rudanti). Similarly, but without Guna, the roots swap, "to sleep,"

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shwus and an, to breathe," jaksh, “to eat.”

before t or th; ghn before anti, an, antu; 2d pers. imp. jahi).

Han, "to kill," makes its base ha

and ja before hi (hanti, hatah, ghnanti ;

e., “to rule," makes its base for before t, th (which then become t, th) and y, and changes its final to t in the 2d and 3d sing. 1st pret. (ashāt).

f.

as, "to be," rejects its initial a, except in the 1st pret., and except before the P terminations of the other tenses.

,"to milk," and f, “to lick," form their bases as seen at r. 91. h, i.

Third Conjugation.

93. If a root be of the 3d conjugation, the base is formed by the reduplication of the initial consonant and vowel of the root, a being the reduplicated vowel for ā, i for ī or ṛi, and u for ū; and in the reduplication of the consonant, an unaspirated letter being substituted for an aspirated, and j for h. Besides the reduplication of the root, the radical syllable is subjected to the Guna change, but only before the terminations, as in the 2d conj.

* By "the consonantal P terminations is meant those terminations marked with P which begin with consonants.

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Thus, from bhri, to bear," are formed the two bases bibhar and bibhri (3d sing. du. pl. bibharti, bibhritah, bibhrati, r. 7.); from hu, "to sacrifice," the two bases juho and juhu (juhoti, juhutah, juhwati, r. 7.); from bhi, "to fear," bibhe and bibhi (bibheti, bibhītah, bibhyati). The 3d conj. is the only one which invariably drops the nasal in the 3d pl. of the pres. and imp. par., and takes uh for an in the 3d pl. of the 1st pret. Before this uh Guna is required.

a., “to give," in the par. drops the à before all except the P terminations, making its base dad, changeable to dat (dadāti, dattah, dadati), and de before the hi of the imperat. Similarly, T, "to place," makes its base dadh before v, m, y, or a vowel, and dhe before hi; but dhat before t, th, or s (dadhāti, dhattah, dadhati).

Fifth Conjugation.

94. If a root be of the 5th conjugation, the base is formed by adding nu to the root, which is converted to the Guna no before the terminations. Thus, from chi, "to gather," are formed the two bases chino and chinu* (chinoti, chinutah, chinwanti, r. 7.) In roots ending in vowels, the u of nu may be dropped before v and m. The roots ap, "to obtain ";, "to be able"; "to satisfy "; and, "to increase "; ending in consonants, add nuv instead of nu before the vowel terminations (shaknoti, shaknutah, shaknuvanti).shru, "to hear" (sometimes placed under the 1st conj.), substitutes shri for the root (quifa, r. 21., qua: suafm). शृणुतः

Roots ending in vowels reject the termination hi of the imperative as, shrinu, "do thou hear "; but apnuhi, "do thou obtain."

Seventh Conjugation.

95. If a root be of the 7th conjugation, the base is formed by inserting na between the vowel and final consonant of the root, before

* This change of nu to no is supplied in the corresponding Greek affix vv, by lengthening the v, as in ζεύγνυμι, ζεύγνυμεν ; δείκνυμι, δείκνυμεν. Bopp.

† All the roots in this conjugation end in consonants.

the terminations, and n before all the other terminations.* Thus, from bhid, "to divide," are formed the two bases bhinad and bhind, changeable to bhint (bhinatti, bhinttah,† bhindanti); from rudh, "to restrain," runadh and rundh, changeable to rund (runaddhi, runddhah, r. 91. a., rundhanti); from hins, "to injure," hinas and hins; from bhuj, “to eat," bhunaj, changeable to bhunak, and bhunj, changeable to bhunk (r. 91.). Similarly yuj, "to join."

Bhanj, "to break," rejects its nasal before na is inserted. Hence the bases bhanaj and bhanj (bhanakti, bhan-ktah, bhanjanti).

Eighth Conjugation.

96. The base in this conjugation is formed by the addition of u to the root, converted to the Guna o before the P terminations. There are only ten roots in this conjugation, nine of which are not in common use. Moreover, these nine all end in n, and therefore the addition of o and u will have the same effect as the addition of no and nu in the 5th conjugation. Thus, tano and tanu, from tan, "to extend " (1st sing. pl. tanomi, tanumah, cf. távvμu, τάνυμες). But the tenth root in this class is kri, “to do," by far the most common and useful root in the language. This root not only converts the conjugational affix u to the Guna o before the terminations, but also changes the radical vowel ri to the Guna ar before these same terminations, and before the other terminations to ur (karoti, kurutah, kurvanti), and rejects the conjugational u before v, m, y (1st plur. kurmah).

Ninth Conjugation.

97. If a root be of the 9th conjugation, the base is formed by

Similarly, n is inserted in certain Greek and Latin roots; as, pal, μavlavw; λaß, Xaμßavo; Ory, Oiyyavo; scid, scindo; fid, findo; tag, tango; liq, linquo, &c.

The final t of the base may be dropped, bhintah; so, also, rundhah for runddhah.

adding na to the root before the terminations, and ni before all the others, excepting those beginning with vowels, where only n is added. Thus, from pu, "to purify," are formed the three bases punā, punī, and pun (punāti, punitah, punanti). This root, with some others ending in long vowels (as, dhu, "to shake "; lu, "to cut "; π, “to spread "), shortens its vowel in forming the base. ,"to take," makes its basest, Tent, Ten (r. 21.*); and §, "to know"; gi, sic↑, sig (jānāti, jānītah, jūnanti).

Roots ending in consonants substitute āna for nīhi, the proper termination of the 2d pers. of the imperat. As. गृहाण, "take thou"; and, "eat thou," from , "to eat."

अश्,

SECT. III.-PRIMITIVE VERBS OF ALL CONJUGATIONS IN THE NON-CONJUGATIONAL TENSES.

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* The roots श्रु, स्तु, टु, खु, कृ, भृ, सृ, वृ reject the initial i from

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syāmi

syasi syati

syuvah syamah sye syavahe syāmahe
syathahsyatha

syase syethe syadhwe

syatah syanti syate syete syante

Observe, that by reason of r. 30. (with note), the most frequent form of the terminations of the second future is shyāmi, &c.

* The letter although compounded with the nasal does not prevent the opera

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FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE NON-CONJUGATIONAL TENSES.

*

Second Preterite.

98. The first step in the formation of the base of this tense is the reduplication of the initial consonant of the root with its vowel, or of the initial vowel: thus, from budh, "to know," bubudh ; and if the root end in a consonant, the radical vowel takes Guna before the terminations of the sing. par., but before all the other terminations reverts to its original form; hence, the two bases bubodh, bubudh (bubodha, bubodhitha, bubodha, dual bubudhiva, bubudhathuh, &c., atm. bubudhe, &c.): if in a vowel, this vowel takes Vriddhi in the 1st and 3d sing. par., and Guna in the 2d, and before all the other terminations, both par. and ātm., reverts to its original form: thus, from nī, “to lead,” the bases ninai, nine, ninī (nināya, r. S., ninayitha r. 10. or ninetha, nināya, ninyiva,† ninyathuh, &c., atm. ninye, &c.); so also from kri, the bases chakār, chakar, chakri, (chakāra, chakartha, dual chakriva); and from dhu, the bases dudhau, dudho, but in dual, plur. &c. dudhuv dudhāva, r. 8., dudhavitha r. 10. or dudhotha, dudhāva, dudhuviva, &c., ātm. dudhure, &c.). Bhū, “to be," is anomalous, making its base babhūv before all the terminations.

Observe, that all the terminations of this tense begin with vowels. It is indicated, however, in the scheme, that an initial is sometimes rejected in the 2d pers. sing. This may be optionally rejected in those roots only in which (as we shall afterwards see)

tion of r. 21., and according to the same rule, kri, “to buy," 9th conj., makes its bases krīnā, krini, krin ( क्रीणाति, क्रीणीतः, क्रीणन्ति ).

* All Grammarians assert that there is an optional change to Guna in the 1st pers., but this is never found.

† By a special rule, the 7 of the base is here changed to the semi-vowel instead of following r. 4. But roots ending in i or i, of which the initial consonant is double, change i or i to iy before these same vowel terminations, that is, before all excepting the sing. par. hence, from f come the three bases shishrai, shishre, and shishriy.

All roots ending in u or u change u or ū to uv before these vowel terminations ; excepting, of course, the roots,,,, in the persons marked with *.

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