Imatges de pàgina
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CHAPTER V.

PRONOUNS.

FORMATION OF THE CRUDE.

PRONOUNS have no crude state analogous to that of nouns, that is, no state distinct from all inflexion, serving as the basis on which all the cases are constructed.

The question then arises, what form of the pronoun is used in the formation of compound words. In the pronouns of the first and second persons, the ablative cases, singular and plural, and in the other pronouns, the nominative and accusative cases neuter, are considered as expressive of the most general and comprehensive state of the pronoun. These cases, therefore, discharge the office of a crude, and are constantly found at the commencement of compound words.

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DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

75. mat, "I," is taken for the crude of the sing.; and A asmat, we," for the crude of the plur. of the first personal pronoun. N.aham, "I.” Ac. imām, "me,”*

vai āvām, "we two,"

वयं vayam, "we."

āvām, us two,"* आवाभ्यां avābhyām,

"* us.

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अस्मान् asmān,

: asmābhih.

अस्मभ्यं asmabhyam.*

asmat.

अस्माकं asmākam.*

अस्मासु asmāsu.

76. twat, “thou," is taken for the crude of the sing,; and yushmat, "you," for the crude of the plural of the second personal pronoun.

*The acc. sing. may also be ; the dat., gen. ; the acc., dat., gen. dual ; the acc., dat., gen. plur. : (cf. Lat. nos).

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Neuter, nom. acc. tal, te, af tāni; the rest like the masculine.

This pronoun is sometimes used emphatically with the other pronouns, like ille and ipse. Thus, , "ille ego";, "illi nos"; स त्वं, “ ille tu"; ते यूयं, "illi vos"; स एषः, " ille ipse"; तद् एतत्, "id ipsum."

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* The acc. sing. may also be ; the dat. gen. ; the acc., dat., gen. dual ai; the acc., dat., gen. plur. 7; (cf. Lat. vos).

REFLEXIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

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78. The oblique cases of “soul," "self" (declined p. 41.), are used reflexively in place of the three personal pronouns, like the Latin ipse. Thus, ātmānam (me ipsum) anāhāreņa haniṣhyāmi, "I will kill myself by fasting"; ātmānam (te ipsum) mritavad darshaya, "show thyself as if dead"; ātmānam (se ipsum) nindati, "he blames himself."

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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS DECLINED.

79. The third personal pronoun tat, "he," declined above, is constantly used in a demonstrative sense, to signify "that" or this"; and by prefixing e to it, another common pronoun is formed still more strongly demonstrative; as, nom. : eshah (r. 30.), en etau, ete"; acc. etam, &c.; ins.

etena, &c. There is another very common demonstrative pronoun, of which idam, "this," the nom. case neuter, is considered to be the crude, but is never used as such.

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The acc. m. may be, the acc. f. i.

This pronoun affords the only example of the old form for the instr. plur. of

masculine

Neut., nom. acc. È idam, À ime, fa imāni; the rest like the masculine.

There is another demonstrative pronoun rarely used except in the nom., of which adas is taken as the crude: nom. m. asau, "this" or "he," ami, ami; acc. amum; ins. amunā, &c.

RELATIVE PRONOUN- -"who," "which."

80. The relative may be formed by simply substituting y for s and t, in the pronoun tad. Thus, crude form yad: nom. m. 4: yah, “who,” yau, ǹ ye; acc. & yam, “whom," &c.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN-"who?" "what?"

81. As the relative is formed by substituting y, so the interrogative by substituting k for s and t, in the pronoun tad. Thus, nom. m. kah, "who?" kau,ake. In the nom. neut., however, the interrogative is fa kim and not kad.* Kim is also the crude, and occurs in a few compounds; as, fan, "on what account?"

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

82. These are formed by adding the affix iya (r. 38. XI.) to the crude of the personal pronouns; as, madiya, "mine" (nom. -ah, -ā, -am); twadīya, "thine "; asmadiya, “our." Observe, however, that the gen. case of the personal pronouns is more usually taken to express the possessive; as, y, "his son."

REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

83. ♬ swa (cf. suus), declined like sarva, r. 87. (nom. :, àì, à1), is used reflexively, in reference to all three persons, and may stand for "my own," "thy own," "his own," "our own," &c. It often occupies the first place in a compound; thus,

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masculine nouns of the first class. This form is still preserved in the Vedas, and in accordance with this, the instr. plur. of deva (r. 48.) would be devebhih.

* Kad, however, was the old form, and is retained in a few words; such as kachchit, "perhaps"; kadartha, " useless" (" of what use?"); kadadhwan, "a bad road" ("what a road!").

† But the abl. and loc. sing. m., and nom. pl. m. may follow deva, r. 48.

"he goes to his own house." The gen. case of ātman (p. 41.), or often the crude, is used with the same signification; as, or आत्मगृहं गच्छति.1

84.

HONORIFIC PRONOUN.

bhavat, "your honour," requiring the 3d person of the Thus, nom. bhavān, bhavantau, bharantah. It is used respectfully in place of the second personal pronoun; as, bharun dharmam karotu, "let your honour practise virtue."

verb, is declined like dhanavat (r. 61.).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

85. The indeclinable affixes chit, api, and chana, added to the several cases of the interrogative pronoun, give them an indefinite signification. Thus, nom. sing. masc. af kashchit, “somebody,” "any body"; acc. af kanchit; ins. kenachit; dat. kasmaichit ; loc. fif kasminshchit (r. 20.); nom. plur. masc. kechit. So also nom. f ko'pi, kashchana, "somebody"; ins. kenūpi, &c. By prefixing, is formed the negative af, “nobody.”

In the same way interrogative adverbs are made indefinite. Thus, from kati, "how many?" katichit, "a few"; from kadā, “when?” kadāchit, “at some time"; from katham, “how?" kathanchana, "some how."

WHOSOEVER, WHATSOEVER.

86. This is expressed by prefixing the relative pronoun to the interrogative. Thus, :, "whosoever"; fafen, "what

soever.

Or by repeating the relative; as, यो यः, यद् यद्.

PRONOMINALS.

87. There are certain common adjectives which partake of the nature of pronouns, and follow the declension of tad (r. 77.).

Thus,

* In modern Sanscrit nija often takes the place of swa; as, nė neata.

† Prof. Lassen cites a remarkable example from the Rāmāyana, in which refers to the dual number. Putram ātmanah spṛishṭwā nipetatuh, “they two fell down after touching their son." Anthol. p. 171.

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