neut. like the masc., except in the nom. and acc., which are vividwah, vividuṣhī, vividwānsi. The advanced student will here observe, that as the 2d preterite of vid, "to know," is used as a present tense, so the participle of the 2d preterite is used as a present participle, the reduplicated syllable only being rejected.

EIGHTH CLASS.-CRUDES IN any Consonant except t, n, s, MASCULINE,

FEMININE, AND NEUTER.

*

70. This class consists principally of roots taken to form the last member of compound words. They are not of very common occurrence, except as ending in t or d (see karmakrit, r. 59.). The only difficulty in their declension arises from their combination with those terminations in the scheme at r. 58., which begin with consonants, viz. three cases in the dual, and four in the plural. Whatever change, however, takes place in the nominative, is preserved before these consonantal terminations. Thus, masc. and fem. bhuj, "an eater": nom. bhuk; ins. dual bhugbhyām; ins. plur. bhugbhih; loc. bhukshu. So again sprish, nom. sprik; and in the other cases, sprigbhyām, sprigbhih, sprikshu. So again rāj, nom. rāṭ (u); and the other cases, rādbhyām, rāḍbhih, rāṭsu. And lih, "a licker," nom. lit (f); and the other cases, lidbhyām, lidbhih, litsu. And duh, nom. dhuk; and the other cases, dhugbhyām, dhugbhih, dhukshu. Before the terminations which begin with vowels, the final consonant of the root, whatever it may be, is always preserved. Thus, acc. bhujam, sprisham, rājam, liham, duham, &c.; ins. bhujā, sprishā, rājā, lihā, duhā, &c. The neuter is as follows: nom., acc., voc. (sing., dual, and plur.), bhuk, bhujī, bhunji; rāt, rājī, rānji; liṭ, lihi, linhi; dhuk, duhi, dunhi.

*

The few simple nouns which fall under this class are declined on a similar principle. But asṛij, n. “blood” (nom. asṛik), makes in the ins. asṛijā or asnā ; dat. asrije or asne; acc. pl. asṛinji or asāni: ap, f. "water," is declined in the plural only; thus, āpah, apah, adbhih, adbhyah, apām, apsu, upah: div, f." the sky," sing. nom. dyauh; acc. divam or dyām; ins. divā, &c.; dual. divau, dyubhyām, divoh; plur. nom. acc. divah; ins. dyubhih, &c.

* sh and happear to be nearly allied to k, and often pass into k in Greek and Latin words. Thus, from dasha, "ten," dexa, "decem"; from , kapdia, “cor."

SECT. III.-ADJECTIVES.

The declension of substantives involves that of adjectives; and, as already seen, the three examples of substantives, given under each class, serve as the model for the three genders of adjectives falling under the same class. Adjectives, in their simplest form, not derived from substantives, are very rarely found in Sanscrit. Such as do occur belong chiefly to the first and third classes of nouns; as, priya, “dear (nom. m. f. n. priyah, priyā, priyam,* r. 48. 49. 50.); sādhu, "good" (nom. m. f. n. sūdhuh, sādhuh or sādhwī, sādhu, r. 54. 55. 49. 56.).

Adjectives formed from substantives are very numerous, as may be seen by a reference to r. 38. 42. and 43. IV. They belong chiefly to the first, fifth, and sixth classes of nouns. The following examples may be added to those already given; mānuṣha, “human" (nom. m. f. n. mānuṣhah, mānuṣhā, mānuṣham, r. 48. 49. 50.); shrimat, "prosperous" (nom. m. f. n. shrīmān, shrīmatī, shrīmat, r. 62.); balin, 'strong" (nom. m. f. n. balī, balinī, bali, r. 67.).

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Compound adjectives are most abundant. The following are examples: phalopeta, "possessed-of-fruit "; durbuddhi, "evil-minded "; alpatanu, "small-bodied "; sarvajit, "all-conquering"; sujanman, "well-born"; gatachetas, "bereft-of-sense "; which are thus referrible to their respective classes.

Nom.m.

1ST CLASS. 2D CLASS. 3D CLASS.

5TH CLASS. 6TH CLASS. 7TH CLASS.

sarvajit

phalopetah durbuddhih alpatanuh sujanma gatachetah Nom. f. phalopetā | durbuddhih| alpatanuh sarvajit sujanmā gatachetāh Nom. n. phalopetam durbuddhi alpatanu sarvajit sujanma gatachetah

71. The degrees of comparison are formed in two ways; 1st, by adding to the crude tara (nom. -tarah, -tarā, -taram, cf. Greek Teρos) for the comparative; and tama (nom. -tamah,

* When it is remembered that final h often becomes s, and that a is equivalent in pronunciation to u, the three genders of this adjective might be written priyus priyā, priyum ; thus offering a perfect similarity to Latin adjectives in us.

-tamā, -tamam, cf. Greek TαTоs) for the superlative.

Thus, punya,

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“ holy," पुण्यतर punyatara, more holy," g punyatama, most holy," declined like nouns of the first class (r. 48. 49. 50.). So, also, dhanavat, "wealthy," dhanavattara, "more wealthy," dhanavattama, "most wealthy"; and dhanin, dhanitara, dhanitama (r. 20.†). 2dly, by adding чa iyas (nom. -iyān, -iyasi, -iyah, cf. Greek twv) for the comparative, and ishtha (nom. -ishṭhah -iṣhṭhā, -iṣhṭham, cf. Greek 10T0s) for the superlative. In general, the only change that takes place before these affixes is the rejection of a final vowel, or of an affix. Thus, balin, “strong," becomes bal, making

ч baliyas, “stronger" (see r. 69.†), baliṣhṭha "strongest (declined like nouns of the first class); laghu, “light," becomes lagh, making laghiyas, "lighter," laghishtha, "lightest." Observe, however, that these affixes do not often imply comparison, but simply excess: thus, baliyas and balishtha more usually signify very strong."

But besides the rejection of the final, the crude often undergoes considerable change, as in Greek; and its place is sometimes supplied by a substitute. Thus, mridu, "soft," becomes mrad, making mradiyas, mradish tha; guru, "heavy," gar, making garīyas (cf. Latin gravius), garishtha; priya, "dear," pra, making preyas, preshtha; bahu, "many," bhū, making bhūyas, bhuyishtha; dirgha, "long," drāgh; dūra, “far,” dav; antika, “near," ned; kshudra, “small,” kshod; yuvan, "young," yav; prashasya, “good,” shra ; * alpa, “small,” kan; uru (cvpús), “large,” var, making varīyas, variṣhtha (Fapioтos). See Prof. Eastwick's translation of Bopp's Comp. Gram. §. 298.

SECT. IV.-NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

72. Cardinals.

TM eka, 1; fɛ dwi, 2; fa tri, 3; a chatur, 4; which are thus declined.

Eka, "one" (singular only), follows the declension of pronominals: nom. m. ekah; dat. m. ekasmai; nom. f. ekā; dat. f. ekasyai; nom. n. ekam (see sarva, r. 87.).

* Prof. Bopp derives shreyas and shreshtha from shrimat, "fortunate," the affix being rejected.

Dwi, "two" (dual only), is declined as if the crude were dwa : nom., acc., voc. m. dwau, f. n. dwe; ins., dat., ab. m. f. n. dwābhyām ; gen., loc. dwayoh.

Tri, “three," and chatur, "four" (plural only), declined—

The neuter only differs from the masc. in the nom., voc., and

acc. cases.

पञ्चन् pañchan, 5; घम् shash, 6; सप्तन् saptan, 7; अष्टन् ashtan, 8 ; नवन् navan, 9; दशन् dashan, 10.

73. Panchan, "five"; shash, "six"; ashṭan, "eight” (plural only); declined—

Saptan, navan, and dashan, and all other numerals ending in an, follow the declension of panchan.

Ekādashan, 11; dwādashan, 12; trayodashan, 13; chaturdashan, 14; panchadashan, 15; shoḍashan (s), 16; saptadashan, 17; ashṭādashan, 18; navadashan or ūnavinshati, 19; vinshati (fääfa), 20; trinshat (f), 30; chatwārinshat (fi), 40; panchashat (q), 50; shashti (fy), 60; saptati (πfa), 70; ashīti (≈affa), 80; navati (f), 90; shata, n. (), 100; sahasra, n. (g), 1000. As from dashan, "ten," are formed ekādashan, drūdashan, trayodashan, &c., so from vinshati, "twenty," are formed ekavinshati, “twentyone"; dwāvinshati, "twenty-two "; trayovinshati," twenty-three," &c. But due regard must be paid to the laws of combination; thus,

shaḍvinshati (affa), 26; trayastrinshat, 33; shaṭṭrinshat, 36; chatushchatwārinshat, 44; chatuhpanchashat (9), 54; trayahsaptati (:fя), 73; tryashiti (f), 83; panchāshīti, 85; shannavati (quafn), 96.

Vinshati (20), and trinshat (30), are declined like fem. nouns of the third and fifth classes, usually in the singular. As, शायकान् विंशतिं निचखान, “he infixed twenty arrows.' Shata (100), sahasra (1000), are neut. nouns of the first class, usually declined in the sing.; as, fun, "a thousand ancestors": or they may govern सहस्रं पितरः, a genitive case; as, a faui (cf. the use of the Latin mille).

74. Ordinals.

Prathama, "first"; dwitiya, "second"; tritiya, "third"; are declined as pronominals (see r. 87.).

Chaturtha, "fourth" (cf. TÉTαρTOS); panchama, "fifth"; shashtha (), "sixth "; saptama, "seventh "; ashtama, "eighth "; navama, "ninth"; dashama, "tenth "; like nouns of the first class (nom. -ah, -i, -am).

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The ordinals from eleventh to "twentieth," are formed from the cardinals, by rejecting the final n; thus, ekādasha (nom. -ah, -i, -am).

"Twentieth" is formed, either by adding the superlative affix tama to the cardinal, as vinshatitama; or by rejecting the final, and leaving vinsha (nom. -ah, -i, -am). So also trinshattama or trinsha, "thirtieth." 'thirtieth." Similarly "fortieth" and "fiftieth." The other decimal cardinals form the ordinals either by adding tama, or by changing ti to ta; as, saptatitama or saptata, "seventieth."