for all the adjectives given at r. 38. as falling under this class. For all adjectives which make a in the crude form of the masculine and neuter make ā or 7 in the feminine. Thus, taking the adjective sundara, "beautiful." The masculine is declined like deva (nom. sundarah); the feminine like jīvā or nadi (nom. sundarā or sundari); the neuter like dāna (nom. sundaram).

So great is the importance of this first class of nouns, that, to make its declension clearer, it will be advisable to give, in the first place, the following general scheme of its terminations.

The classical student will recognise in this scheme many resemblances to the terminations of nouns in Latin and Greek, when it is remembered that the Sanscrit a corresponds to the Latin u and the Greek o; the Sanscrit m to the Latin m and the Greek; the Sanscirtā or to the Latin a and the Geek ɛla, or a, or in the gen. plur. w; the Sanscrit bh or bhy to the Latin b; and that the Sanscrit Visargah, or final h, is equivalent to s.

n, or

In the application of the above terminations, the finals of the crudes must first be rejected. Thus, taking deva, and rejecting the final, we have dev; and adding the terminations, we have the nom. devah, &c. The four examples are now declined in full.

48. Masculine Crudes in a, like a, "a deity" (deus).

पुरुष, a

man,", "a deer," are written in the ins. sing. tu, yeầu, qầu, and in the gen. plur. नराणां पुरुषाणां, मृगाणां, the cerebral nasal taking the place of the dental.

49. Feminine Crudes in a and I, like, "life," and, "a river."

50. Neuter Crudes in a, like ¿, “a gift" (donum, dŵpov).

The rest like the masculine deva.

Observe, that since the voc. dual and plural of the Sanscrit noun coincides with the nom., it will, in future, be omitted.

† When a feminine noun, like juvā, is taken to form the last member of a compound adjective, it is declined like deva for the masculine, and dāna for the neuter. Thus, taking the feminine noun vidyā, "learning;" from this is formed the compound alpavidyā, "little learning:" and when this is used as a compound adjective it becomes, in the nom. masc. fem. and neut., alpavidyah, alpavidyā, alpavidyam, "possessed of little learning." On the same principle, a masculine noun takes the feminine and neuter terminations when forming the last member of a compound adjective; and a neuter noun, the masculine and feminine.

To convince the student of the absolute necessity of studying attentively the declension of this first class of nouns, he is recommended to turn back to r. 38. He will there find given, under fifteen heads, the various forms of nouns, substantive and adjective, which follow this declension. in this list are declined like deva; or nadi; all the neuter like dūna.

All the masculine substantives all the feminine either like jīvā Again, all the adjectives in this

list follow the same three examples for their three genders. Again, according to deva masculine, jīvā feminine, and dāna neuter, are declined all regular comparative and superlative degrees of the form punyatara, punyatama (r. 71.); all irregular superlatives of the form balishtha (r. 71.); all present participles of the forms kurvāṇa, kriyamāna (r. 124.); all passive past participles of the form krita, &c., which are the most common and useful of all verbal derivatives (r. 125. 1. 2. 3. 4.); all indefinite future participles, which are of constant occurrence, of the forms kārya, karaṇīya, kartavya (r. 129.); all participles of the second future, of the form karishyamana (r. 130.); many ordinals, like prathama (r. 74.). Lastly, according to nadi feminine, are also declined the feminines of adjectives like tanu (r. 40.); the feminines of innumerable adjectives

like dhanavat, dhimat (r. 42.), dhanin, and medhavin (r. 43.); the feminines of nouns of agency like kārin (r. 131. 3.); the feminines of nouns of agency like kartri (r. 131. 2.); the feminines of irregular comparative degrees like balīyas (r. 72. 69.†); the feminines of present participles like kurvat (r. 123. and 63.); the feminines of active participles of the third preterite like kritavat (r. 127. and 62.); the feminines of active participles of the second preterite like vividwas (r. 127. and 69.†); the feminines of many ordinals like panchama (r. 74.).

Hence it is evident, that although we have arranged Sanscrit nouns under eight classes, the last seven classes contain but a small proportion of nouns and participles compared with the almost innumerable number embraced by the first. The student, therefore, ought not to advance a step further in the Grammar till he has made himself thoroughly master of this declension.

There are a few useful words (originally feminine, and not derived from masculines like nadī and putrī, in r. 38. xv.), such as, "prosperity,", "fear," A, "shame," which vary from the declension of nadi; thus, sing. nom. t:, acc. श्रियं, ins. श्रिया, dat. श्रिये or श्रियै, abl. and gen. श्रियः or श्रियाः, loc. श्रियि or faui. So again,, "a woman," nom. sing. dual and plur. l, fæûì, f:, acc. fi or at, faûì, fau: or aft:, ins. fæu, ahui, alfu:, dat. स्त्रियै, &c., abl. and gen. स्त्रिया: &c., loc. स्त्रियां &c, voc. स्त्रि &c. लक्ष्मी, “fortune," agrees with &c. in making its nom. :.

SECOND CLASS.

CRUDES IN, MASCULINE, FEMININE, AND NEUTER. Declined like afa kuvi, masc.

a poet"; f mati, fem. "the mind”; aft vāri, neut. "water."

So also, agni, "fire" (ignis); and nouns formed from dhā, "to hold”; as, sandhi,

"union."

52. Feminine Crudes in i, like af, "the mind."

53. Neuter Crudes in i, like af, “water” (mare).

Although there are few substantives declined like kavi and vāri, yet adjectives like shuchi (r. 39.), and compound adjectives ending in i, are declined like kavi in the masc.; like mati in the fem.; and like vāri in the neuter.

† When a feminine noun ending in i is taken to form the last member of a compound adjective, it must be declined like kavi in the masc., and vāri in the neut. Thus the compound adjective alpamati in the acc. plur. masc. would be alpamatin;

The dat. may also be matyai; the ab. and gen. matyāh; the loc. matyām.