66 the adverbial preposition सह, “ with," contracted into स; as, सक्रोधः, -धा, -धं, “angry "; सफ़लः, -ला, -लं, “fruitful" (p. 32. † .) ; सबन्धुः, -न्धुः, -न्धु, possessed of kindred” (r. 54, 55, energetic"; सानन्दः, -न्दा, -न्दं, " joyful"; companied by ministers";, -, -, 66 56.); सयानः, -ला, लं, "ac ससचिवः, वा, वं, fer, “strung" (as a bow). The following are examples of other adverbial prefixes: -,-,"with uplifted weapon"; 66 -, -, "of various forms ''; क्वनिवासः, सा, सं, “ where dwelling” ? क्वज़न्मा, न्मा, न्म, "where born"? quit:, -:, -f, "fearless" (p. 33. t.); -, -, "of that kind." COMPLEX COMPOUND NOUNS. 162. We have now to speak of those complex compound words, or compounds within compounds, which form the most remarkable feature in Sanscrit poetical composition. Instances might be given of twenty or thirty words thus compounded together, but these are the productions of the vitiated taste of more modern times, and are only curious as showing that the power of compounding words may often be perverted to the formation of a style the most extravagant and ridiculous. But even in the best specimens of Sanscrit composition, and in the simplest prose writings, four, five, or even six words are commonly compounded together, involving two or three forms under one head. It will be easy, however, to determine the character of the forms involved, by the rules propounded in the preceding pages; in proof of which the student has only to study attentively the examples we are about to give. a. Instances of absolute complex compounds, whose sense is complete and unconnected, are not very abundant. The following may be taken as examples: कालान्तरावृत्तिशुभाशुभानि, “good and evil (occurring) in the revolutions of the interval of time," the whole being a dependent, involving a dependent and an aggregative; सेनापतिबलाध्यक्षौ, “ the general and the overseer of the forces," the whole being an aggregative, involving two dependents; auf“the protection from sorrow, enemies, and perils," the whole being a dependent, involving an aggregative; अवधीरिज सुहृद्वाक्यं, the disregarded words of a friend," the whole being a descriptive, involving a dependent. " b. But the greater number of complex compounds are used relatively, as epithets of some other word in the sentence; as, गलित, नख, नयन, नी, नं, " whose teeth and eyes were decayed,” the whole being the relative form of descriptive, involving an aggregative; शुक्लमाल्यानुलेपनः, -ना, नं, “ having a white garland and unguents," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive; -, -, " done in a former birth," the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving a descriptive; faqe:, -, -, “advanced in learning and age," the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; feysì giat, -at, -á, "having fresh garlands, and being free from dust," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive and dependent; fordays faru:, -, -, "whose head was moist with unction." 66 c. The substantive wife, "a beginning," often occurs in complex relative compounds, as in simple relatives (r. 157. b.); thus, शुकसारिकादयः, fe," parrots, starlings, &c." (agreeing with fa:, "birds beginning with parrots and starlings"), the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; affaf, "peace, war, &c.” (agreeing with पूर्व्वोक्तं understood); गृहदेवागारादियुक्तः, -क्ला, -,"possessed of houses, temples, &c." Similarly, in the example उत्तमगन्धाद्या: (agreeing with सज:, “ garlands possessing the best odour and other qualities "). 66 d. Long complex compounds may be generally translated by beginning at the last word and proceeding regularly backwards; as in the following मल मधुकर निकरमुक्तकक्कार मिलितकोकिलालाप, सङ्गीतक सुखावहः, -हा, -हं, “causing pleasure by the music of the voice of the cuckoo, blended with the hum emitted by the swarms of joyous bees." 66 e. आत्मक or रूप, as occupying the last place in a complex relative, denote composed of”; thus, हस्त्यश्वरथपदातिकर्म्मकरात्मकं बलं, “a force consisting of elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, and servants"; C on bin & auf, “the two actions consisting of the good and evil done in a former birth." Certain Anomalous Compounds. f. There are certain compounds which are too anomalous in their formation to admit of ready classification under any one of the preceding heads. Amongst these may be placed those compounds expressive of comparison or likeness, usually included under the Karmadharaya or Descriptive class. In these the adjective is placed last; as, :, -, -¿, “fickle as a shadow"; फेनोपमः, -मा, -मं, “ like foam"; असुदश्याम:, - मा, मं, “ dark as a cloud"; fat:, -, -, “spread out like a mountain "; जलविन्दुलोलचपलः,-ला, -लं, “unsteady as a trembling drop of water"; नलिनीदलतोय.तरलः, -ला, -लं, “ tremulous as water on the leaf of a lotus"; the last two examples are complex. g. There is a common anomalous compound formed by placing after another word, to express another," "other"; as, , “another place"; "along with another king "; readily assignable to any class: fan, “a fighter who aban- Compound Nouns formed from Roots combined with Prepositions. 163. In the next section it will be shewn that the combination of roots with prepositions prevails most extensively in Sanscrit. From roots thus combined nouns of the most various significations may be formed; thus, from, "to seize," with f and, is formed, “practice," from a, "to do," with wy, w, “imitation." Hardly a line can occur in any book that does not afford an example of this kind of compound. SECT. II.-COMPOUND VERBS. 164. The learner might look over the list of 1900 simple roots, and very well imagine that in some of these would be contained every possible variety of idea, and that the aid of prepositions and adverbial prefixes to expand and modify the sense of each root would be unnecessary. But the real fact is, that there are comparatively very few Sanscrit roots in common use; and that whilst those that are so appear in a multitude of different forms by the prefixing of one or two or even three prepositions, the remainder *Soft; in Nala, translated by Bopp, umbra geminatus. are quite useless for any practical purposes, except the formation of nouns. Hence it is that compound verbs are of more frequent occurrence than simple ones. They are formed in two ways: 1st, by combining roots with prepositions; 2dly, by combining the auxiliaries कृ, "to do," and, "to be," with adverbs, or nouns converted into adverbs. Compound Verbs formed by combining Prepositions with Roots. 165. The following list exhibits the prepositions chiefly used in combination with roots: 66 अति ati, across," "beyond"; as, f (p. 112.); nt, "to pass by," "transgress" (pres. f, &c. p. 112.). fadhi, "above," "upon," "over "; as, fg, "to stand over," "preside" (p. 107. pres. fufaef); f, "to climb upon "; अधिशी, frit, "to lie upon" (p. 113.); fm, "to go over towards" (p. 107.); t, "to go over" in the sense of "reading" (p. 113.). चनु anu, "after"; as, g, "to follow "; we, "to follow," in the sense of "performing "; w, “to imitate" (p. 102.); gun, 'to assent." 66 66 antar, "within "(cf. inter); as, , "to place within," conceal" (p. 119.), in pass. "to vanish";, "to be within" (p. 104.); , "to walk in the midst" (r. 31.). अप apa, “ off,” “ away" (cf. ànd) ; as, अपगम्, अपसृ, अपे (from अप and, p. 112.), “to go away"; ft, "to lead away"; auqu, 66 to abstract"; "to bear away." It also implies detraction; as, “to defame." अपवद्, अपि api, “on," “over," only used with था and नह; as, अपिधा, “ to shut up"; f, "to bind on." The initial a is generally rejected, leaving fun, f. fr abhi, "to," "towards" (cf. ènì); as, fr, wit, "to go tofor, "to run towards"; "to behold for, "to address," "salute." wards"; (p. 107.); 66 ava, "down," off"; as, अवरुह्, अवतृ, " to descend "; अवेक्ष, "to look down"; "to throw down,' 66 scatter";, "to cut off." It also implies disparagement; as, , "to despise " (p. 123.); faq, “to insult " (p. 111.). 66 Tā, "to," towards," "up" (Latin ad); as, आक्रम्, “ to go towards "; आरुह्, to mount far, “to enter "; up." When pre fixed to and ч, "to go," and, "to give," it reverses the action; as,,, "to come "; IT, "to take." With ut, "up, Fut, "to go up, 93 66 rise" (pres. f, 1st conj.); 66 (r. 16.), afą, "to root उद्धृ (उत् and हृ, r. 18.), “ to extract"; उन्मिष् and उन्मील् (r. 15.), “ to open the eyes ; उत्कृत्, उच्छिद, up"; fa, "to lift up" ( and f, r. 17.). eyes "; उत्कृत्, उच्छिद्, “ to cut up "; उन्मूल्, When prefixed Jag to it causes the elision of s; as, , "to stand up." In some cases it reverses the action; as, from ,"to fall," उत्पत्, "to leap up"; from, "to bend down," (r. 15.), "to raise up"; from 4, "to keep down," J, "to lift up." Jupa, “to," "towards" (¿f. vñò), joined like and fr to roots of motion; as, , "to approach "; J, "to wait upon," with fa, "to sit down." fa ni, "down," " downwards," "under" (opposed to 3); as, fau 66 उत्); निपत् “ to fall down"; नियम्, “ to suppress "; निमिष् and निमील्, “ to close the eyes"; fafwy, fau, we, "to lay down," "deposit "; fafas, "to go within," " encamp. With वृत् it signifies "to return," "desist "; with, "to hear." not alter the sense; as, f, "to kill.” fæ nir, “out”; as, f In some cases it does (cf. note, p. 15.), faną, fa:ą (r. 31.), “to go out"; fa, "to cut up"; fa, "to come to an end," cease. With fa," to determine.' чparā, “back," "backwards" (cf. Tapa), combined with f and in the sense of “defeat "; as, чuf, "to overcome " (cf. τapaVIKάw, Æsch. Chöe.); quy, "to be defeated." When joined with , 2d conj., it signifies "to retire towards" (pres. f); when with, 1st conj. ātm., "to run away," "to retreat," being changed to 7 (pres. ч14). ft pari, "around" (cf. neрí, per); as, परिवेष्ट्, परिवृ, "to sur round "; परिचर्, परिगम्, “to go round "; परीक्ष, to go round"; qua, “to look round," परिवृत्, “examine"; ufiq, "to turn round"; fq, "to run round." When prefixed to it signifies "to adorn," and is inserted, uft. With "to despise,” and with, "to avoid." It someपरिष्कृ |