DEPENDENT COMPOUNDS, OR COMPOUNDS DEPENDENT IN CASE

(TATPURUSHA).

Accusatively Dependent.

crude) to the last is equi

They are generally com

143. These comprehend all those compounds in which the relation of the first word (being in the valent to that of an accusative case. posed of a noun in the first member, and a participle or noun of agency in the last; as, TN:, -, -, “one who has obtained heaven' (equivalent to स्वर्गं प्राप्त:) ; प्रियवादी, “ one who speaks kind words ";," one who gives much";

arms."

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-Å,

one who bears

a. Before the nouns of agency the accusative case is often retained, especially in poetry; as, f, -, -, “enemysubduing"; 4,¤:, -ĦI, -Ħ, “heart-touching "; ut, -a, -t "fear-inspiring" (see r. 131. 1.).

Instrumentally Dependent.

144. Or those in which the relation of the first word (being in the crude) to the last is equivalent to that of an instrumental case. These are very common, and are, for the most part, composed of a substantive in the first member, and a passive participle in the last; as, fɛn:, -a, -i, “beguiled by avarice" (for tota मोहित); वस्त्रवेष्टितः, -ता, -तं, “ covered with clothes "; राज पूजितः, -ता, र्त, 'honoured by kings"; fa, -, -, “deserted by (i. e. destitute of) learning";, -, -," pained with grief "; qu, -,-, “done by one's self"; fgraɛN:, -NÎ, -, “like the sun (for आदित्येन सदृश:).

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145. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a dative; as, fence, “bark for clothing "; शरणागतः, -ता, -तं, come for protection" (for ENT जागत). This kind of compound is very rare, and is generally supplied by the use of अर्थं (r. 139. e.) ; as, शरणार्थम् आगतः.

Ablatively Dependent,

146. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of an ablative; as, :, -1, -É, "fallen from the kingdom" (for 1); secru:, राज्याद् भ्रष्टः) भवदन्यः, other

than you" (for ant-7;); waşi, “fear of you.”

Genitively Dependent,

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147. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a genitive. These are the most common of all dependent compounds, and may generally be expressed by a similar compound in English. They are for the most part composed of two substantives; as, at “sea-shore " (for “shore of the sea");, "horse-back "; समुद्रस्य तीरं, धनुर्गुण:, “ bow-string "; इष्टिकागृहं, “ brick-house "; गिरिनदी,

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moun

tain-torrent"; :, “acquisition of wealth"; fTM, “state of misfortune";:, "separation of friends";

f, "on whose brow" (loc. c.); :, "his words "; fa, "on what account?" ,"on account of virtue "; :, "with hundreds of fools

(inst. c.); as, “a couple of shlokas"; "the surface of the earth"; qff, "lord of the earth", "for his support" (dat. c.); urgent, "our sons"; "thy deed"; पितृवचनं, a father's speech"; "the gate of death"; इच्छासम्पत्, “fulfilment of wishes"; "a mother's joy."

मृत्यु.द्वारं,

wishes";a:,

a. Sometimes an adjective in the superlative degree, used substantively, occupies the last place in the compound; as, or पुरुषोत्तम:, "the best of men.'

b. In a few instances the genitive case is retained; as, famf:, "lord of men"; feqraf:, "lord of day."

Locatively Dependent,

148. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a locative case ; as, पक्कमग्नः, -ग्ना, ग्नं, "sunk in the mud (for पते मग्न ) ; गगणविहारी, "sporting in the sky;,"sport in the water"; "a dweller in a मामवासी, village", "born in the water."

a. It is very usual to retain the locative case, especially before nouns of agency; as, a, "a villager","going in

Y

तं,

the water"; fayfan:, -m, -†, "ornamented on the breast (see r. 131. 1.).

Dependent in more than one Case.

149. Dependent compounds do not always consist of two words. They may be composed of almost any number of nouns, all depending upon each other, in the manner that one case depends upon another in a sentence ; thus, चक्षुर्विषयातिक्रान्तः, -न्ता, न्तं, passed beyond the range of the eye " (for चक्षुषो विषयम् अतिक्रान्तः) ; रथमध्यस्थः, “ standing in the middle of the chariot ; भीतपरित्राणवस्तूपालम्भपण्डितः, “ skilful in censuring the means of rescuing those in danger."

AGGREGATIVE COMPOUNDS (DWANDWA).

150. This class of compounds has no parallel in other languages. When two or more persons or things are enumerated together, it is usual in Sanscrit, instead of connecting them by a copulative, to aggregate them into one compound word. No syntactical dependence of one case upon another subsists between the members of Dwandwa compounds, since they must always consist of words which, if uncompounded, would be in the same case; and no other grammatical connection exists than that which would ordinarily be expressed by the use of the copulative conjunction and in English, or in Sanscrit. And it should be observed, that the chief difference between this class and the last turns upon this dependence in case of the words compounded on each other; insomuch that the existence or absence of such dependence, as deducible from the context, is, in some cases, the only guide by which the student is enabled to refer the compound to the one head or to the other. Thus, गुरु शिष्य सेवका: may either be a Dependent compound, and mean "the servants of the pupils of the Guru," or an Aggregative, “the Guru, and the pupil, and the servant." And ifu may either be Dependent, "the blood of the flesh," or Aggregative, "flesh and blood." This ambiguity, however, can never occur in aggregatives inflected in the dual, and very rarely occasions any practical difficulty.

There are three kinds of Aggregative compounds: 1st, inflected

in the plural; 2d, inflected in the dual; 3d, inflected in the singular. In the first two cases the final letter of the crude of the word terminating the compound determines the declension, and its gender the particular form of declension; in the third case it seems to be a law that this kind of compound cannot be formed unless the last word ends in a, or in a vowel changeable to a, or in a consonant to which a may be subjoined; and the gender is invariably neuter, whatever may be the gender of the final word.

Inflected in the Plural.

,

151. When more than two animate objects are enumerated, the last is inflected in the plural; as,, “Indra, Anila, Yama, and Arka " (for इन्द्रः अनिलः यमः अर्क:) ; राम लक्ष्मण भरता: "Rāma, Lakshmana, and Bharata"; "the deer, the hunter, the serpent, and the hog." The learner will observe, that although the last member of the compound is inflected in the plural, each of the members has here a singular acceptation. But a plural signification may often be inherent in some or all of the words constituting the compound; thus, faaigralagaa:, “friends, neutrals, and foes " (for मित्राणि, उदासीनाः, शत्रवः) ; सिंहव्याघ्र महोरगाः, “ lions, tigers, and serpents"; upitnyarn:, “dogs, vul

tures, herons, ravens, kites, jackals, and crows.

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a. So also when more than two inanimate objects are enumerated, the last may be inflected in the plural; as, "virtue, wealth, enjoyment, and beatitude" (for :, :, :, धर्म्म:, अर्थः, कामः, मोक्षः); इज्याध्ययनदानानि, “ sacrifice, study, and liberality ” (for इज्या, wapi, i). In some of the following a plural signification is inherent; as, पुष्पमूलफलानि, “flowers, roots, and fruits"; अजातमृतमूर्खीणां, "of the unborn, the dead, and the foolish (for अजातानां मृतानां, मूर्खाणां); नेत्रमनःस्वभावा:, “ eyes, mind, and disposition"; रोग शोकपरिताga, “sickness, sorrow, anguish, bonds, and afflictions."

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b. So also when only two animate or inanimate objects are enumerated, in which a plural signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the plural; as, :, "gods and men"; ga, देवमनुष्याः, पुत्रपौत्राः,

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sons and grandsons";, "falls and rises "; cfta:, ramparts and trenches"; :, “in pleasures and pains" (for मुखेपु, दुःखेषु); पाप पुण्यानि, “ sins and virtues."

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Infected in the Dual.

152. When only two animate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, t, “Rāma and Lakshmana" (for : :); चन्द्रसूर्य्यो, मृगकाकौ, "the moon and sun"; "a deer and a crow."

a. So also when only two inanimate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, gun, "affection and enmity" (for wu, अपरागः); क्षुत्पिपासे, “ hunger and thirst " ( for क्षुत् पिपासा ) ; बुझाधी, hunger and sickness "; स्थानासनाभ्यां " by standing and sitting (for स्थानेन, जासनेन); मधुसर्पिषी, “ honey and ghee "; सुखदु:खे, “ pleasure and pain."

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b. In aggregating two nouns of relationship, formed with the affix π (r. 41.), the first is placed in the nominative case instead of the crude; as, fun, “mother and father."

Inflected in the Singular Neuter.

153. When two or more inanimate objects are enumerated, whether singular or plural in their signification, the last may either be inflected as above, r. 151. a. b. r. 152., or in the singular number, neut. gender; as, ga, “flowers, roots and fruits" (for ganfu, मूलानि फलानि ); यवसानोदकेन्धनं, “ grass, food, water, and fuel " (for यवसः, अन्नं, उदकं, इन्धनं); अहोरात्रं, “a day and night" (for अहः, रात्रिः) ; दिग्देशं, " quarters and countries ” (for दिशः, देशा:).

a. Sometimes two or more animate objects are thus compounded; as, чti, "sons and grandsons";, "elephants and horses"; especially inferior objects,

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b. In enumerating two qualities the opposite of each other, it is common to form a Dwandwa compound of this kind, by doubling an adjective or participle, and interposing the negative a ; as, चराचरं, “ moveable and immoveable " ( for चरम् अचरं च) ; शुभाशुभं, “ good and evil"; प्रियाप्रिये, “ in agreeable and disagreeable " (for प्रिये अप्रिये च); दृष्टादृष्टं, “ seen and not seen"; कृताकृतं, "done and not done."

DESCRIPTIVE COMPOUNDS (KARMADHARAYA).

151. In describing, qualifying, or defining a substantive by