Imatges de pàgina
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in ā, as, from pā, pāyin, “a drinker"; from dā, dāyin, a giver (see their declension, r. 43. iii. and p. 43.). This noun of agency has often, like the first class, the sense of a present participle, and is then always united with the crude of the word which it governs in one compound: thus, from manas and hri, manoharin, "mindcaptivating" (r. 29.). It sometimes, also, governs the case of the verb, being still united with the word which it governs in one compound; as, grāmevāsin, “dwelling in the village."

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b. By adding aka to the root before which affix changes take place analogous to those before the causal ay (r. 107. c. d. e. f.); as, from kri, kāraka (), "a doer," "doing"; from ni, nāyaka, a leader," "leading"; from grah, grūhaka; from sidh, sūdhaka; from han, ghātaka; from 3, ; from kram, kramaka; from nand, nandaka; from sthā, sthāpaka (see their declension, r. 38. ii. and p. 31.). This participial noun is also often joined with the crude of the noun which it governs in one compound word; as, “effecting the business." It is very rarely found governing the case of the verb; as, a gun, “kissing the buds" (Ratnāvali, p. 7.). c. By adding ana to some few roots ending in consonants, after changes similar to those required before the causal affix; as, from nand, nandana, “rejoicing"; from,, “vitiating"; from ,, “cleansing" (see their declension, r. 38. iii. and p. 31.)

CHAPTER VIII.

INDECLINABLE WORDS.

Adverbs.

132. Adverbs, like nouns and verbs, may be divided into simple and compound. The latter are treated of in the next Chapter on Compound Words.

Simple adverbs may be classed under four heads; 1st, as

formed from the cases of nouns; 2dly, as formed with affixes; 3dly, as of uncertain derivation; 4thly, as prefixes to other words.

Adverbs formed from the Cases of Nouns.

The following cases of nouns are used adverbially :

a. The nominative or accusative neuter of any adjective; as, Ħ, “truly "; q, “much"; i, fai, “quickly"; ya, “fitly"; समीपं, “ near"; लघु, “ lightly "; निर्भरं, अत्यन्तं गाढं भृशं, “ exceedingly "; wapi, “certainly "; fa, “constantly";

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“strongly."

The nom. or acc. neuter of certain pronouns; as, “therefore"; when "; तावत् wherefore," so long as "; यावत्,

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as long as"; fa, "why?" The nom. or acc. neut. of certain substantives and obsolete words; as, “secretly ";,"willingly ";,"by name," " that is to say "; a "repeatedly "; चिरं, feri, "long ago";,"pleasantly";, "now"; "by night" (noctu).

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b. The instrumental case of nouns and pronouns; as, v, virtuously "; दक्षिणेन, fa, "southwards "; southwards"; satu, ,"northwards "; ,"above";,"below"; Nà:, "above";:, "below"; :, "slowly ";, "therefore "; येन, ,"wherefore." The instr. case of certain obsolete nouns ; as, चिरेण, “ for a long time "; अचिरेण, “ in a short time "; दिवा, " by day"; दिष्ट्या, “fortunately "; सहसा, अन्नसा, “ quickly "; अघुना, "now." c. The ablative case of a few nouns and pronouns; as,, 'forcibly ";, "at a distance "; "therefore"; cheath, तरमात्, "wherefore "? अकस्मात्, "without cause," "unexpectedly ";

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"from the north": and of a few obsolete nouns; as, fun, “for a long time ";, “afterwards."

d. The locative case of a few nouns and obsolete words; as, ,"at night"; a, "far off";

"in the forenoon";,

suitably ";,“in front";, “at once";

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अन्तरे,

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w," within."

Adverbs formed with Affixes.

f¿, “instantly ";

133. चित् chit, अपि api, and चन chana, may form Indefinite adverbs of time and place, when affixed to interrogative adverbs; as, from कदा, “ when?” कदाचित् कदापि and कदाचन, “ sometimes "; from कुत्र and, where?" कुत्रचित्, कुत्रापि, क्वचित्, क्वापि, " somewhere "; from कुतस्, whence?" and "from somewhere"; from कुतश्चित् कुतश्चन,

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कहिं, " when?" कर्हिचित्, "at some time"; from, how?" "somehow or other " (cf. r. 85.).

कथञ्चन,

a. tas (changeable to : or, r. 29.) may be added to any noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs; as, from

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, N:,

with effort"; from wife, wife:, "from the beginning"; from (the proper crude of the pronoun), :, "thence "; similarly, अतः, इतः, "hence." This affix usually gives the sense of the prepositions with and from, and is often equivalent to the ablative case; as, in :, "from me ";,"from thee": but it is sometimes vaguely employed to express other relations; as, qua:, "behind the back";, “in the first place"; :, "on all sides"; "in front";a:, "near to."

*

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b. tra, forming adverbs of Place; as, “here"; 7, "there"; ,"where?" यत्र, “ where "; सर्व्वत्र, “ where";, everywhere "; अन्यत्र, “ in another place"; एकत्र, “ in one place"; बहुत्र, " in many places"; "there," "in the next world."

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c. tha and tham, forming adverbs of Manner; as,, "so"; "as"; "in every way"; "otherwise "; यथा, सर्व्वथा, अन्यथा,

कथं, “how?” इत्थं,
,"how?", "thus."

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when?" एकदा,

once"; f, "con

d. da, forming adverbs of Time from pronouns, &c.; as, CT, "then"; ч, "when"; , stantly";, i, “always."

e. ч, dhū, forming adverbs of Distribution from numeral adjectives; as, "in one way"; fa, "in two ways";, "in six ways";, "in a hundred ways"; , "in a thousand ways"; "in many ways."

बहुधा,

f.vat may be added to any noun to form adverbs of Similitude ; as, from सूर्य्य, सूर्य्यवत्, “ like the sun "; from पूछे, पूर्ववत्,

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:, “abun

g.shas, forming adverbs of Quantity; as, dantly";, “in small quantities ";:, "singly "; Macun:, 'by hundreds and thousands ";:, "by degrees."

*These are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pro

nouns, the proper ablative cases,

the crude, in compound words.

being never used except as substitutes for

Adverbs of Uncertain Derivation.

134. Of Affirmation.—,, fa, a, "indeed "; fa, "even." मा, मास्म are prohibitive ;

a. Of Negation.-,, af, "not." नहि,

as,, "do not."

is often used with the 3d preterite, the

augment being rejected, as ff:, “do not " (p. 102.).

b. Of Interrogation. - किन्नु, कञ्चित्, नु, ननु, किमुह, " whether?" c. Of Comparison. — इब, "like"; एव, एवं, " so"; किम्पुनर्, "how much rather."

";,

d. Of Quantity.-,"exceedingly"; "a little "; q, “once"; असकृत्, पुनः पुनर्, मुहुस्, भूयस्, "repeatedly."

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e. Of Manner.-fa, e, "so,' " "thus"; g, "again"; 4, for the most part";

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variously "; qua,

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पृथक्, “ separately मिथ्या, “ falsely "; वृथा, मुधा, “ in vain "; चलं, “ enough "; झटिति, आशु (cf. ¿kús), “quickly "; quff, "silently."

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f. Of Time.-,"to day," 'now"; इदानीं तदानीं, " then "; पुरा, “ formerly "; पुरस्, पुरस्तात्, युगपत्, “ at once "; सद्यस्, “ instantly "; प्रेत्य, "afterwards"; g, "ever "; ag, “never." g. Of Place.-,"here"; & h. Of Doubt.-fafen, af, “perhaps."

न जातु,

"where?"

Adverbial Prefixes.

सम्प्रति, " now "; before ";

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प्राक्, * after death"; qi,*

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135. a prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a privative or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in, and the English in, im, un; as, from 4, "possible," , "impossible"; from, "touching" (pres. part.), weyan, “not touching.' When a word begins with a vowel, is euphoniसन् cally substituted; as, , "end";, "endless."

a. fi ati, “excessively," "very "; as, fun, “very great.” ā, prefixed to imply "diminution"; as, E, some

b.

what pale." is prefixed with the same sense.

c.

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kā or ☎ ku, prefixed to words to imply "disparagement ";

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as, कापुरुष, a coward "; , “deformed.”

d.dur, prefixed to imply "badly," or "with difficulty "; as, ga, "badly done" (cf. p. 15. note); f, "not easily broken." दुष्कृत,

It is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek duo.

* These, however, admit of derivation, and a few others less obviously.

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e. fnir and fa vi are prefixed to nouns like a with a privative or negative sense; as, fa, "powerless"; fa, “unarmed"; but not to participles.

fsu, prefixed to imply "well," "easily "; as, n, "well done"; "easily broken." In this sense it is opposed to and corresponds to the Greek eu. It is also used for fa, to imply "very," "excessively "; as, , "very great.”

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CONJUNCTIONS.

Copulative.

136. cha, "and," "also," corresponding to the Latin que and not et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sentence. It is not, however, like que, necessarily interposed between the first and second words, but may be admitted to any part of the sentence, being only excluded from the first place.

a. f, "for," like is always placed after its word, and never admitted to the first place in a sentence.

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6. यदि, चेत्, “if"; अथ, “ then," now," used very commonly as an inceptive particle. ततस्, upon that," "then" (r. 133. a.). अन्यच्च, किच, अपरच, परच, अपिच, “again,' moreover," used very com

monly before quotations., "also."

Disjunctive.

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137. vā, “or," corresponds to the Latin ve, and is always placed after its word, being never admitted to the first place in a sentence. J, fag, "but "; the former is placed after its word; qafq, "although "; fa, "nevertheless," "yet," sometimes used as a correlative to the last ; अथवा, किम्वा, or else";l, or not "; f, “whether,” whether or no." स्म, ह, तु, वै, are expletives, often used in poetry with no other object than to fill up the verse.

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PREPOSITIONS.

138. Of all the internal evidences of the antiquity of Sanscrit, there is none more decisive than the sparing use which this language makes of prepositions, in expressing the dependence of one word upon another. These aids to syntactical combination are always to be regarded as a result of modern refinement, incom

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