rally be preserved before the ta of the past participle; so that, in many cases, this participle may be derived from the 3d sing. of the 1st future by shortening the final ā, and, if necessary, restoring the radical vowel to its original state. Thus, taking some of the examples at p. 80; shaktā, “he will be able," gives shakta, "able"; sektā, “he will sprinkle," sikta, “ sprinkled "; moktā, mukta; e, qe; tyaktā, tyakta; yoktā, yukta; e, e; mêt, qu; seddha, siddha; boddha, buddha; yoddha, yuddha; kshepta, kshipta; loptā, lupta; sarptā, sripta; kalptā, klripta; labdhā, labdha; lobdhā, lubdha ; वेष्टा, विष्ट ; द्रष्टा, दृष्ट; क्रोष्टा, क्रुष्ट; तष्टा, तष्ट ; एष्टा, इष्ट ; द्वेष्टा, fae; ater, , दुष्ट; ; क्रष्टा, कृष्ट ; दग्धा, दग्ध; सोढा, सोट; नड्डा, नड; गाढा, गाढ; लेढा, लीढ (p. 68. 1.) ; देग्धा, दिग्ध; बेग्धा, स्निग्ध; रोढा, रूढ (p. 68. h.); मोढा, मूढ; or मोग्धा, मुग्ध; दोग्धा, दुग्ध; गोटा, गूढ.

मृष्ट

j. Most roots ending in d, forbidding the inserted i, take na instead of ta, and are combined with na, agreeably to r. 15; as, from pad, panna; from ad, anna; from bhid, bhinna; from ¿, with the preposition fa, faua (r. 30. and 21.)

k. Those roots ending in j, which take na, change j to g before na; as, from vij, vigna; from ruj, rugna. So from masj, rejecting the 8, magna; from lasj, lagna.

1. Some roots which admit i in the futures, forbid it in this participle ; as, घृष्, in 1st fut. धर्षिता, in part. घृष्ट ; so अर्द, अर्दिता, but अत्रे (with ā prefixed, आते, “ pained"); दृह, दर्हिता, but दृढ; मद्, मदिता,

m. If in forming the passive base (p. 90. f.), or in the 2d pret. (p. 76. d.), the v or y contained in a root are changed to their semi-vowels u or i, the same change takes place in the pass. participle; thus, from vach, "to say," ukta; from vap, upta; from वह्, ऊट; from खप्, सुप्त; from यज्, इष्ट. Similarly, from दिव्, छून or छूत;

from ੩, ਰੂਹੀ

n. Some other changes which take place in forming the passive base (see p. 90. d. f.) are preserved before ta; thus, from, fre; from व्यघ्, विद्ध. And when the root ends in two conjunct consonants, of which the first is a nasal, this nasal is rejected; as, from बन्स्, बद्ध; from भ्रंश, भ्रष्ट ; from सन्न, सक्त; from सन्न, सक्त; from भन्, भग्नः but not if i is inserted; as, from खरार, खण्डित; from क्रन्द्, क्रन्दित ( except मन्य्, making मथित).

o. Roots ending in m or n reject these nasals before ta; as,

from gam, "to go," gata; from yam, yata; from ram, rata; from tan, tata; from han, hata: but retain them if i is inserted; as, from swan, swanita. From jan, "to be born," is formed jāta; from khan, khāta; the a being lengthened.

p. Those roots ending in m, of the 4th conjugation, which lengthen a medial a before the conjugational affix y, also lengthen it before ta, and change m to n as in the futures; thus, from kram (r. 89. a.), krānta; from bhrām, bhrānta; from sham, shānta; from dam, dānta; from ksham, kshānta; from klam, klānta. Similarly, from vam, vānta; from kam, kānta.

q. From स्फाय्, “ to swell,” is formed स्फीत; from प्याय्, पीन or प्यान. r. The following are quite anomalous; from pach, “to cook,” pakra; from शुष्, “ to dry," शुष्क; from श्रीव्, “ to be drunk," जीव. "to "to

2. Derived from Causal Bases.

r. In forming the passive past participles from these, the causal affix ay is rejected, but the inserted i is always assumed. Thus, from kāray, kārita; from sthāpay, sthāpita; from veday, vedita.

3. Derived from Desiderative Bases.

s. In adding ta to a desiderative base, the only rule to be observed is the invariable insertion of i; as, from pipās, pipāsita; from chikirsh, chikirṣhita; from ips, ipsita.

4. Derived from Nominal Bases.

t. There are in Sanscrit certain participles, which are said to be formed by adding ita to nouns. Thus, from ffum, “loose,” faffen, "loosened"; from f, "crooked," fafen, "curved." These may be regarded as the passive participles of the transitive nominal verbs शिथिलयति, जिझयति ( r. 122. 6 ) ; and whenever this kind of adjective is found, it may indicate that a nominal verb is in use, whence the participle is derived.

Declension of Passive Past Participles.

They all follow the declension of the first class of nouns (r. 48. 49. 50.), and in this exhibit a perfect similarity to the declension of the Latin participle in tus. Thus, krita, nom. masc. fem. neut. kritah, kritu, kritam."

*

* Since h is equivalent to s and a to u, the nom. might be written -tus, -tā, -tum.

ACTIVE PAST PARTICIPLES.

126. These are of two kinds; 1st, those derived from the passive past participle; 2dly, those derived from the second preterite. These latter rarely occur. The former are much used (especially in modern Sanscrit, and in the writings of commentators), to supply the place of a perfect tense active. Thus, tat kṛitavān, “he did that "; tat kritavatī, “she did that." They may also be used with the auxiliaries as and bhu, to form a compound perfect tense; thus, tat kritavān asti, “he has done that"; tat kritavān bhavishyati, "he will have done that."

Formation of the Crude.

a. In the case of those derived from the passive past participle, the crude is easily formed by adding vat to that participle. Thus, from krita, kritavat (); from dagdha, dagdhavat; from ukta, uktavat; from bhinna, bhinnavat; from sthāpita, sthāpitavat, &c.

b. In the case of those derived from the 2d pret., either vas or ivas is added to the base of that tense, as formed in the dual and plur. Vas, when the base in the dual and plur. consists of more than one syllable; as, from vivid (p. 96.), vividwas ; from chichi (p. 96.), chichivas. But ivas, when the base in the dual and plur. consists of one syllable only; as from ten (p. 96.) tenivas; from jagm (p. 77. e.), jagmivas. There is an ātmanepada participle of the 2d pret. formed by adding āna to the base; thus, vividāna, chichyāna, tenāna, jagmāna.

Declension.

are

127. Those formed from the passive past participle declined r. 62.; thus, kritavat, nom. masc. fem. neut. kṛitavān, kritavati, r. 49., kritavat.

Those formed from the 2d pret. are declined in the last paragraph of p. 44.; thus, vividwas, nom. masc. fem. neut. vividwān, vividuşhī, vividwah; and chichivas, nom. chichivān, chichyuṣhī, chichivah. Those formed with ivas do not retain i in the fem.; thus, tenivas, nom. masc. fem. neut. tenivān, tenushi,* tenivah; and jagmivas, nom. jagmivān, jagmushi, jagmivah. The atmanepada participles are declined like nouns of the first class, p. 31.

* Similarly the instr. case masc. is tenuṣhā. There seems, however, much difference of opinion as to the rejection of i, and some Grammarians make the fem. tenyushi, and the inst. masc. tenyuṣhā.

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLES.

128. These may be classed under two heads: 1st, as formed. by affixing twa to uncompounded roots; as, from bhu, "to be," bhūtwā, “having been "; 2dly, as formed by affixing ya to roots compounded with prepositions or other adverbial prefixes; as, from anubhū, anubhūya, “having perceived"; from sajjībhū, sajjibhūya, "having become ready." These indeclinable participles are of the utmost importance, and some of the chief peculiarities of the syntax of the language are to be traced to the frequency of their occurrence.

The sparing use made in Sanscrit composition of relative pronouns, conjunctions, and connective particles, is partly to be attributed to the continual appearance of these indeclinable participles, by means of which the sense of a whole clause may be suspended, and sentence after sentence strung together without the aid of a single copulative. The sense involved in them is generally expressed by the English "when,” “after," " having," or "by "; thus, tat kritwā (), "when he had done that," "after he had done that," "having done that," "by doing that.” See syntax.

कृत्वा),

Formation of the Indeclinable Participle from Uncompounded Roots. a. When the root stands alone and uncompounded, the indeclinable participle is formed with ♬ twā.

*

This affix is closely allied to the ta of the passive past participle, r. 125., insomuch that the rules for the annexation of la to the root apply equally to the indeclinable affix twā. The formation, therefore, of one participle generally involves that of the other; thus, kshipta, "thrown," kshiptrā, "having thrown";, done,” कृत्वा, “ having done; so स्थित, स्थित्वा ; दृष्ट, दृष्ट्वा ; दत्त, दत्त्वा ; पीत, पीत्वा ; क्रान्त, क्रान्त्वा ; गृहीत, गृहीत्वा ; उषित, उषित्वा ; उक्त उक्ता; बुद्ध, बुड्डा; ऊढ, ऊदा हित (from धा), हित्वा. ; And where i is inserted there is often an optional change of the radical vowel to Guna, as

.

*There are one or two instances in which an uncompounded root takes ; as, ,"having reverenced."— Manu, 7th Book, 145. I. 4. Mahābh. 3. 8017.

in the passive participle (r. 125. h.); thus, dyutitwā or dyotitwā from dyut; and always takes Guna (f). There are a few instances in which the inserted i is admitted before twā, although rejected before ta; as, lagna, lajjitwā; and, vice versâ, as fun, cgi.

b. A penultimate nasal is not always rejected before twā; thus, from,, but or, the rejection in the indeclinable participle being generally optional.

c. The causal verb, which rejects its characteristic ay before the ita of the passive participle, retains it before itwā. Thus, sthāpita, "made to stand" (from the causal base sthāpay), but sthāpayitwā, having made to stand."

66

d. The only important variation from the passive participle occurs in those roots which take na for ta (r. 125. a.). In such roots no corresponding change takes place of twā to nwā. Thus, from नॄ, जीर्णे, but जरित्वा (or जरीत्वा ) ; from तृ, तीर्ण, but तीत्वा ; from छिद्, छिन्न, but दिला; from भन्न्, भग्न, but भक्ता or भक्ता; from रुज्, रुग्न, but रुक्ता ; from हा, हीन, but हित्वा, “having quitted " (not distinguishable from f, "having placed," from ).

Formation of the Indeclinable Participle from Compounded Roots.

When a root is compounded with a preposition or indeclinable word, the indeclinable participle cannot be formed with twā.* The affixya is then used, and the rules which regulate its annexation to the root are some of them analogous to those which prevail in other cases in which y is affixed; see the rules for the formation of neuters (r. 89.), passives (p. 90.), and the benedictive mood (p. 85.).

a. But if a root end in a short vowel, instead of any lengthening of this vowel, t is interposed; as, from ashri, "to take refuge " (root f), ashritya, "having taken refuge"; from faf, faf; from उन्मु, उत्सुत्य; from संस्कृ, संस्कृत्य; from निःसृ, निःसृत्य . The lengthening of the radical vowel by coalition does not prevent this rule; as, from ati (ati with i), atutya.

b. If a root end in long ā, ī, or u, no change takes place: as, from vihā, vihāya; from upakrī, upakrīya; from vidhū, vihhūya.

c. If in long, this vowel becomes ir; as, from, अवकीर्य. But from आपू, आपूर्य .