from pach, pipaksh; from yuch, yiyāchish; from jiv, jijivish; from drish, didriksh; from sev, sisevish; from gai, jigās; but from yuj, yuyuksh; from pū, pupush.

c. It has been said that the annexation of ish or s to the reduplicated root is generally determined by the assumption or rejection of inserted in the primitive. When ish is affixed, the radical vowel may in general be optionally changed to Guna. Thus, from mud, either mumodish or mumudish.

d. When s is affixed to roots ending in vowels it has the effect of lengthening a final i or u, and changing ri or ri to ir; thus, from chi, chichish; from shru, shushrush; from kri, chikīrṣh; from trī, titirsh.* When to roots ending in consonants, the radical vowel remains unchanged, but the final consonant combines with the initial sibilant, in accordance with the rules laid down in pp. 67. 68. ; as, from yudh, yuyuts (p. 68. b.); from dah, didhaksh (p. 69. i.).

e. The following roots form their desiderative bases anomalously. From dā, "to give," dits (ditsūmi, “I wish to give "); from up, "to obtain," ips; from dhā, dhits; from ji, “to conquer," jigish; from chi, chikish, as well as chichish; from han, "to kill," jighūns; from मह्, जिघृक्ष ; from प्रच्छ, पिपृच्छिम् ; from स्वप्, सुषुप्स् ; from, "to be able," fa; from, "to obtain," f; from रभ, रिप्स्; पत्, पित्स्.

Non Conjugational Tenses.

The second preterite is formed by affixing am to the desiderative base, as already formed, and adding the second preterite of either one of the auxiliaries kṛi or bhū (see p. 77.g.). Thus from pach, the 2d pret. pipakshāṁchakāra, “I wished to cook." In all the remaining tenses it is an universal rule that inserted i be assumed after the desiderative base, whether formed by s or ish, except in the bened. par. Thus, 1st fut. of pipaksh, 1st pers. sing. pipakshitāsmi, &c.; 2d fut. pipakshishyāmi, &c.; 3d pret. apipakshiṣham, &c. (form 1. p. 81.); bened. par. pipakshyāsam, &c. ; ātm. pipakshishiya, &c.; condit. apipakshishyam, &c. So, also, taking vividish (formed with ish from vid), the 1st fut. is vividiṣhitāsmi; 2d fut. vividiṣhiṣhyāmi; 3d pret. avividishisham, &c.

* But the root घृ may make पुपूर्व् ; भृ, बुभूषे ; and वृ, वुवूे .

INTENSIVE OR FREQUENTATIVE VERBS.

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120. This form of the root is even less used than the desiderative. In the present participle, however, and in a few nouns, it may sometimes appear (r. 38. xiii. and 124.). It gives intensity to the radical idea, especially in the case of roots signifying to shine," "to be beautiful," or "to lament." Thus, from dip, "to shine," comes the intensive form dedipy, "to shine brightly," and the present participle dedipyamāna (see r. 124.); so also from shubh, shoshubhy and shoshubyamāna; from rud, rorudy and rorudyamāna. There are two kinds of intensive verb, the one a reduplicated ātmanepada verb, conforming, like neuter and passive verbs, to the 4th conjugation, and usually found in a neuter or passive signification; the other a reduplicated parasmaipada verb, formed analogously to the 3d conjugation. The first of these is the only form ever likely to occur.

The Terminations.

The terminations may be either those of the atm. of the regular scheme at p. 63., or the par. of the irregular scheme at p. 66.; the former being adapted to that form of intensive which results from a reduplication of the passive; the latter to that form which bears analogy to the 3d conjugation.

FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE ATMANEPADA FORM OF INTENSIVES.

Conjugational Tenses.

The general rule is, that the initial consonant and vowel of the passive base be reduplicated. The consonant being reduplicated according to the usual rules (p. 75.), with the Guna substitute of the radical vowel, whether it be long or short. Thus, from the passive base diy (of du, "to give ") comes the intensive base dediy (dediye, dediyase, &c., see p. 127.); from hy (passive of hā), jehīy (jehiye, &c.); from stiry, testiry; from puy, popuy; from vidy, vevidy; from budhy, bobudhy.

If the passive base contain a medial a, long ā is substituted in the reduplication, as papachy from pach; sasmary from smary: if a medial a, e, or o, the same are reduplicated; as yāyāchy from yāch, seṣhevy from sev, lolochy from lochy: if a medial ri, then arī is substituted in the reduplication, as daridrishy from drishy, parisprishy from sprishy.

If a passive base contain fri, this becomes in the intensive base; as चेक्रीय् from faч (pass. of, "to do"). If the base begin with a, as in aty (from , “to wander"), the initial at is repeated, and the radical ā lengthened, thus aṭāty.

If the passive base contain a nasal after short a, this nasal is often repeated; as from gam, jan gamy (, &c.), “to walk crookedly"; from bhram, bambhramy. The passive bases japy, jalpy, dashy, bhajy, and some others, may insert nasals, instead of lengthening the vowel in the reduplication. Thus janjapy, &c. Pady inserts nī; as panipady; and from chary is formed chanchūry; from hany, jeghniy; from ghray, jeghriy; from dhmay, dedhmiy.

Non-Conjugational Tenses.

In these tenses intensives follow the analogy of passives and reject the affix y. Since, however, the base of the second pret. is formed by affixing am (as usual in all polysyllabic forms, p. 77. g.), and since, in all the other tenses, inserted i is assumed, a coalition of vowels might arise were it not allowed to retain the y in all cases in which a vowel immediately precedes that affix.* Thus, from dedipy is formed the 2d pret. (1st pers. sing.) dedīpānchakre, &c. rejecting y; but from dediy, dediyānchakre, &c. retaining it. Similarly in the other tenses: 1st fut. dedīpitāhe, &c.; dediyitahe, &c.: 2d fut. dedipishye, &c., dediyishye, &c.; 3d pret. adedīpishi, &c., adediyishi, &c.; bened. dedipiṣhiya, &c., dediyishiya, &c.; cond. adedipiṣhye, &c., adediyishye, &c.

FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE PARASMAIPADA FORM OF INTENSIVES.

Conjugational Tenses.

121. The base is here also formed by a reduplication similar to that of atmanepada intensives; not, however, from the passive, but from the root. Thus from the root pach, pāpach; from vid, vevid; from drish, darīdṛish; from kṛi, charīkṛi.† Moreover, in accordance with the rules for the 2d and 3d conjugation (pp. 69. 70.) the radical vowel requires Guna before the P terminations of the scheme (p. 66.). Hence the two bases veved and vevid (pres. vevedmi, vevetsi, vevetti; dual, vevidwah, &c.; 1st pret. avevedam, avevet, avevet, avevidwa, &c.; pot. vevidyām, &c.; imp.

* In passives this coalition of vowels is avoided by the change of a final vowel to Vriddhi, as of chi to chay, of hu to hāv, and of kṛi to kār; and by the change of final a to y, as of da to day, sce r. 113.

In the par. form of intensive, the reduplication may also be daridrish, charikṛi, or, according to the general rule dardrish, charkri.

vevedāni, veviddhi, vevettu, vevedāva, vevittam, &c.). Again, the base will vary in accordance with the rules of combination at p. 67., as in budh (pres. bobodhmi, bobhotsi, boboddhi, bobudhwah, &c.). And in further analogy to the 2d conjugation (r. 92. c.) long i is often optionally inserted before the consonantal P terminations (pres. vevedīmi, vevedīșhi, vevedīti; dual, vevidwah, &c.; 1st pret. avevedam, avevedih, avevedīt, avevidwa, &c.; imp. vevedāni, veviddhi, vevedītu.).

Lastly, when the root ends in a vowel, the usual changes take place of i and i to y or iy; of u and ū to uv ; and of ri to r: as in the roots bhī, bhū, kṛi (pres. 1st sing. bebhemi, bobhomi, charkarmi; 3d plur. bebhyati, bobhuvati, charkrati).

Non-Conjugational Tenses.

The second preterite follows the usual rule for polysyllabic bases (p. 77. g.), and affixes am with the auxiliaries. Thus from vid (1st pers. sing.), vevidāmāsa ; from bhi, bebhyāmāsa. In the other tenses, excepting the bened, inserted i is invariably assumed, and before this inserted i a root ending in a vowel forbids the usual Guna change in the futures, but admits Vriddhi in the 3d pret. Thus, 1st fut. (1st sing.) veveditāsmi, &c., bebhyitāsmi, &c.; 2d fut. vevediṣhyāmi, &c., bebhyishyāmi, &c.; 3d pret. avevedisham, &c., abebhāyiṣham, &c.; bened. vevidyāsum, &c., bebhiyāsam; cond. avevedishyam, abebhyishyam. This rejection of Guna is taken from Forster, but admits of question, especially in the case of roots in u or u.

NOMINALS, OR VERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS.

122. These are formed by adding certain affixes to the crude of nouns. They are not in very common use, but, theoretically, there is no limit to their formation. They may be classed under three heads: 1st, transitive nominals, yielding the sense of performing, practising, making or using the thing or quality expressed by the noun; 2d, intransitive nominals, giving a sense of behaving like, becoming like, acting like the person or thing expressed by the noun; 3d, desiderative nominals, yielding the sense of wishing for the thing expressed by the noun. The latter are rarely found. The Terminations.

a. All the nominal verbs make use of the regular scheme at p. 63.; but it should be observed that they are rarely found conjugated in any other tense than the present.

Formation of the Base of Transitive Nominals.

b. These are formed from nouns in the way that causals are

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formed from roots, by the addition of ay to the crude. But the final vowel or final consonant, and preceding vowel of the crude, must be rejected before this affix is annexed. Thus, from vastra, "cloth," is formed vastray, "to clothe" (3d sing. f vastrayati, "he clothes"); from varman, armour," varmay, "to put on armour ( वयति varmayati ) ; from प्रमाण, “authority," प्रमाणय्, "to propose as authority." Whatever modifications adjectives may undergo before the affixes iyas and ishtha (p. 47. f.), the same are required before this nominal affix: thus, from dirgha, "long," drāghay, “to lengthen"; from antika, "near," neday, “to make near," &c.

In the Mitralabha (Prof. Johnson's edition, p. 97.) there is an instance of a nominal verb formed by adding the terminations directly to the noun; thus, "I peck," from चक्षु, "a beak."

Formation of the Base of Intransitive Nominals.

c. The final of the crude of the noun is rejected, as in the last case, and ay affixed. Thus, from pandita, "wise," panditāy, “to act the part of a wise man" (3d sing. f); from druma, a tree," drumāy, "to be like a tree tree" (14); from rājan, “a (दुमायते king,” rājāy, “to act the king"(). This nominal usually has a neuter or passive signification, and is generally restricted to the atm. It is found, however, in an active sense, especially when derived from nouns expressive of colour; as, from कृष्ण, "black," कृष्णाय्, "to blacken" (tan).

Formation of the Base of Desiderative Nominals.

d. These are formed by affixing y to the final vowel of a crude noun. The effect, however, of this affix is to change a final a or ā to i, to lengthen a final i or u, and to change ri to. Thus from putra, "a son," putriy, "to desire a son" (3d sing. yatufa); from pati," a husband,” patiy," to desire a husband” (tufa). So also from tq; from rājan, rājiy (r. 20. †.).

A desiderative nominal verb may also be formed by adding kāmy (derived from kam, "to desire") to the crude of nouns: thus from putra, putrakāmy, “to desire a son" (3d sing. f); or by affixing sy; as from dhana, dhanasy, “to

desire wealth” (धनस्पति).