his division of forms of government, ii. 50; his characteristics of these
forms, ii. 52; his description of the Troglodytes, ii. 272; his Lettres
Persanes, ii. 187, 302.

More, Sir Thomas, his Utopia, i. 68; ii. 265; its plan, ii. 266.

Moschus on the antithesis of human and vegetable life, i. 43, n.

Motives of a law, i. 454.

Multitude, its fickleness, ii. 44.

Mundus alter et idem, of Bishop Hall, ii. 270.

Muratori, i. 72.

Mure, Col., on the influence of the Greek models in modern literature, i. 443.
Mutuality of cause and effect, i. 375.

Mythical history, i. 141, 251.

Mythico-historical period, i. 255; rules of evidence applicable to it, i. 256;
the facts are partly true and partly false, i. 275; difficulty of establishing
a criterion between them, i. 276; uncertainty of this period, i. 281; may
contain more or less of historical truth, i. 282; its accounts are charac-
terized by inconsistency in material facts, i. 283, 288; its chronology
uncertain, i. 286.

Nævius, historical character of his poem on the first Punic war, i. 249.
Napoleon, his Memoirs of his Campaigns, i. 224; his plan of universal con-
quest, ii. 217.

Narrative defined, i. 117; how distinguished from description, i. 119; it
implies causation, i. 393; it consists of successive steps, i. 395.

Nation, its meaning, i. 39; nations, how characterized, ii. 90; ii. 452;
national character, ii. 108; its causes, ii. 111.

Natural law common to men and animals, i. 16; natural justice or equity,
ii. 33; natural history of animals defined, i. 116, n.; natural laws, their
uncertainty renders political prediction difficult, ii. 392; natural rights,
ii. 33.
Nature opposed to institution or law, i. 15; ii. 134; as signifying the
order of the universe, ii. 133; law of nature, ii. 33, 133. Nature,
human, its uniformity, ii. 38, 139; relation of nature to art and
science, ii. 149, 282; state of nature, i. 9; ii. 39; an ideal picture,
ii. 281.

Negative instances, their importance, i. 382.

Negroes have no history, i. 140, n.; their characteristics, ii. 433.
Nephelococcygia of Aristophanes, ii. 265.

New Atlantis of Bacon, ii. 268.

Newton, Sir Isaac, on the duration of oral tradition, i. 271.

Niebuhr, on an Etruscan account of king Servius, i. 267; on the early
ethnological history of Italy, i. 277; on the early constitutional history
of Ronie, i. 279, n.; on the passage of the Sicelians from Italy to Sicily,
i. 286.

Nomads, have no fixed territory, i. 39; have no ownership of land, ii. 31.
Nomenclature, in physics, i. 97; in politics, i. 98.

Number of cases necessary for an inductive argument, i. 377.

Observation in the physical sciences is assisted or unassisted, i. 108; in politics
all observation is unassisted, i. 109; unassisted observation is active or
passive, i. 110; three sorts of political observation, i. 113; observation

for political history, i. 113; for positive politics, i. 123; for speculative
politics, i. 125; for practical politics, i. 126; in statistics, i. 132; diffe-
rent from that in positive politics, i. 138; errors of observation in physics
and in politics compared, i. 145; observations can be repeated in politics,
but not in political history, i. 148; observation in politics is limited to
the external act, i. 149; observation is made with reference to some end,
i. 152; what are the causes of its difficulty in politics, i. 179; distin-
guished from experiment, i. 178, n.

Oceana of Harrington, i. 69; ii. 269.

Oligarchies, Greek, ii. 62.

Omens, i. 371.

Orators, ancient, published their own speeches, i. 232.

Oratory, deliberative, ii. 312; examples abound in it, ii. 213.

Organon, or instrument of reasoning, its uses, i. 3; origin of the term, i. 4.
Oriental form of government was monarchical, ii. 61; oriental nations charac-
terized by despotism, ii. 91; by government by dependencies, ii. 94; by
a rude system of international law, ii. 95; by a religious code, ii. 96; by
polygamy, ii. 97; by seclusion of women, ii. 99; by slavery, ii. 101; by
cruelty in the infliction of bodily pain, ii. 101; by a loose dress, ii. 103;
by an intricate alphabet, ii. 104; and by poetry and mystical prose,
ii. 105; rudeness of their military system, ii. 93; their stationary civili-
zation, ii. 437.

Orientals have no continuous history, i. 141.

Origins, laws of evidence respecting, ii. 415, 417.

Ovid, his account of Pythagoras, i. 399; his Fasti, i. 404; his Metamorphoses,
i. 409.

Owen, Professor, on suicidal animals, i. 25, n.; on the degeneracy of animal
species, ii. 448.

Painting a representative art, ii. 239.

Palætiological sciences, i. 117.

Paley, on circumstantial variations in testimony, i. 286, 321, note D; on habit,
ii. 180.

Parliamentary terms, i. 29.

Paruta, character of his political writings, i. 67, 95; his discussion of the hypo-
thetical question of an attack on Charles VIII., i. 443.

Pausanias, his account of the Messenian wars, i. 264.

Peace, perpetual, ii. 284; practical plans of, ii. 285.
Penn, William, his plan of perpetual peace, ii. 286.
Pepys, his journal, i. 297.

Phænomenology, i. 117.

Perfect state, schemes of, ii. 296.

Perfectibility of mankind, ii. 294, 450.

Persona moralis, its nature, ii. 75; it characterizes all aristocracies and demo-
cracies, ii. 78.

Philology, ii. 345.

Physical appearances attributed to false causes, i. 406; causation in physics,
i. 398; ii. 21; physical instead of divine causes, i, 399; prediction in
physics, i. 328; its difficulty, ii. 355.

Physical sciences, reasons of their more rapid progress than the moral sciences
in modern times, i. 75; their technical terms, i. 77; character of physical
facts, i. 121; errors of observation in, i. 145; have no concern with moral

action, i. 151; use the method of experiment, i. 153; some physical
sciences do not admit of experiment, i. 159, 451; difference between the
mode of recording observations for the physical sciences, and for politics,
i. 308; their first cultivation by the ancients, i. 398.

Physics, considered by the Greeks more obscure than politics, ii. 207.
Physiology, human, ii. 335.

Pisistratidæ, their history preserved by oral tradition, i. 260, 266, 270.
Plato cites the Cyclopes as a type of the savage state, i. 10; character of his
political speculations, i. 62; on the legislation of Lycurgus, i. 284;
speaks of laws as contracts, i. 424; assigns conjectural reasons for the
degeneracy of the Persians, i. 417; and for the origin of the Lacedæmo-
nian Syssitia, i. 418; he characterizes the forms of government, ii. 50; his
Republic and Laws, ii. 246; his conception of an ideal state, ii. 248; he
proposes the reign of Saturn as a real model, ii. 278; argument in the
Gorgias on the origin of justice, ii. 283; on the maintenance of peace
between the Greek states, ii. 284; his universal principles of government,
ii. 28; his views on social progress, ii. 442; his theory of a cycle of
governments, ii. 443.

Pliny, on the origins of the useful arts, i. 412.

Plot, peculiar to human affairs, i. 118.

Plutarch, his political writings, i. 64; his remark on the difficulty of arriving
at historical truth, i. 227; he disapproves of long speeches in histories,
i. 237; his account of Lycurgus, i. 264, 284; his Greek and Roman
questions, i. 404; manner in which his lives of Theseus, Lycurgus,
Romulus, and Numa, were formed, i. 418; he describes Numa as being
both a king and a philosopher, ii. 281.

Poetry and prose, ii. 105.

Political community defined, i. 9; political action defined, i. 44; it consists in
the choice of alternatives, ii. 312; political success and failure, ii. 409;
political models, real and ideal, ii. 161; their utility, ii. 293; political
progress, its nature, ii. 410, 441; conditions for, ii. 292, 449; means of,
ii. 452; political body, ii. 78; art, ii. 153; conduct, ii. 310; political
societies are of limited extent, ii. 90, 452; political changes are in general
gradual, ii. 197; prediction, ii. 327; political philosophy, its three periods,
I. 60; its slow progress in modern times, as compared with physics, ex-
plained, i. 75.

Political economy, a part of politics, i. 45; it considers man as living in a
state of government, i. 47; it includes all economical relations not belong-
ing to domestic economy, i. 48; its technical terms, i. 93.

Politics defined, i. 9; it relates to human action, so far as it concerns the com-
munity, i. 44, 52; it includes jurisprudence and international law, i. 44;
also political economy, i. 45; four departments of politics, i. 53; its tech-
nical language, i. 77; its subject-matter, i. 108; does not admit of scien-
tific experiments, i. 164; admits of practical experiments, i. 173, 176; in
what sense an experimental science, i. 178; science of, its existence, ii. 125;
practical politics, analogy with a game, ii. 395.

Politics, positive, i. 53; it explains the nature of a government, i. 54; it does
not decide on the goodness of a government, i. 55; it deals with condi-
tions of existence, i. 56; it does not lay down maxims, or predict the
future, i. 57; ii. 348; its mode of observing facts, i. 123; it has the
genuine scientific character, i. 124; observation in, different from that in
statistics, i. 138; speculative politics, how far it predicts, ii. 350; practi-
cal politics is concerned with prediction, ii. 353; difficulty of prediction
in politics, ii. 356; analogies between practical politics and therapeutics,
i. 175, ii. 403.

Polyænus, ii. 213.

Polybius, his political doctrine, i. 64; his description of Italy, i. 120; his
history, i. 182; his opinion of speeches in history, i. 238; his version of
the story of Cocles, i. 278; on the cause of the second Punic war, i. 334;
his cycle of governments, ii. 443.

Polygamy, ii. 32; characteristic of Oriental nations, ii. 97.

Pope, on the animal series, i. 18; his description of the state of nature, ii. 279;
on forms of government, ii. 307.

Population, limits to animal, i. 30.

Posidonius, on kings in the golden age, ii. 280.

Power, political, universal propositions respecting, ii. 46.

Practical experiments in physics, i. 153; in politics, i. 173; in other depart-
ments of human action, i. 174; their use in politics, i. 176.

Practical men, their method of reasoning, i. 176; ii. 204, 232.

Practice, political, its fallibility, ii. 369; its causes, ii. 370; securities against,
ii. 390.

Precedents, their nature, ii. 208; their use in deliberative oratory, ii. 213;
rules for their application, ii. 215; their relation to theory and general
precepts, ii. 232; their badness a cause of practical error, ii. 379; their
misapplication a cause of practical error, ii. 380; use of rival precedents,
exemplified, ii. 381.

Precepts, their formation from theories, ii. 164, 201; their relation to prece-
dents, ii. 232; their unsoundness, a cause of practical error, ii. 369; their
inapplicability a cause of practical error, ii. 376.

Prediction, political, ii. 327; in the physical sciences, ii. 328, 355; difficulty
of prediction in politics, ii. 356; is founded on the experience of the past,
ii. 358; difficulty of prediction in all affairs of human conduct, ii. 364;
also, where natural laws are imperfectly determined, ii. 392.

Prester John, ii. 263.

Principles of human nature, universal, ii. 38.

Printing, its importance for the preservation of historical evidence, i. 204.
Prodigies in history, i. 320, note C.

Productive and unproductive labour, ii. 142, n.

Propagandism, political, ii. 384.

Presumptions, general, in politics, ii. 41, 84.

Prichard, Dr., on the physical history of man, i. 304; on the idea of a species,
ii. 431.

Probability, internal, chiefly regarded by the ancient historians, i. 289; all
historical evidence must be tried by this canon, i. 291.

Progress, political, its nature, ii. 410, 441; three conditions for, ii. 292, 449 ;
means of, two classes, ii. 452.

Proper names, false etymologies of, i. 412.

Proverbs, false origins of, i. 415; on national character, ii. 110.

Puffendorf, character of his political writings, i. 67, 95; his doctrine of the
social compact, i. 427; on the construction of instruments, ii. 7; on the
best form of government, ii. 308.

Punishment, its nature, i. 22; it is peculiar to man, ib.

Pyrrhus, his invasion of Italy is the beginning of Roman contemporary his-
tory, i. 270.

Pythagoras, his relation to Numa, i. 419.

Quintilian, on the argument from example, ii. 212.

Race, human, does not form one society, i. 40.

Races of men and animals, ii. 431; superior and inferior races of mankind
ii. 430; difference in their capacity for civilization, ii. 433; barbarous
races, their influence, ii. 435.

Ramsay, Chev., ideal descriptions of society in his Voyages de Cyrus, ii. 272.
Rasselas, the Happy Valley, ii. 272.

Rational conduct most easily predicted, ii. 390.

Raumer, F. v., on the Crusades and Reformation, i. 449.

Real states of society idealized, ii. 226.

Reason is a condition for the preservation of the human species, i. 29.
Registration of political facts, i. 53; importance of contemporaneous registra-
tion, i. 215.

Religion, its progress, ii. 419.

Reporting of speeches in antiquity, i. 232.

Republic, meaning of the word, i. 82, 85, 92; ii. 63, n.; the English govern-

ment properly republican, ii. 63.

Republic of Plato, ii. 246, 252, n.

Responsibility implies causation, i. 391.
Restraint, ii. 323.

Revolution, French, mode of treating its history, i. 448.

Rex, meaning of the word, i. 89.

Rights, natural, ii. 33.

Roman historians, their speeches, i. 237, n.

Romans, their history, i. 64, 265; their statistics and jurisprudence, i. 65;
ii. 424; different accounts of early Roman history, i. 285; their civil-
izing influence, ii. 424, 434.

Rome, its capture by the Gauls, i. 269; the type of a perfect state in Cicero,
ii. 261.

Rousseau, his political speculations, i. 70; his Contrat Social, i. 428; his
state of nature, ii. 281, n.

Royalty, its confusion with monarchy, i. 82, 90.

Rubino, his views on early Roman history, i. 279, n.

Rudeness, primitive, of mankind, ii. 275,

411.

Saint Pierre, Abbé de, his plan of perpetual peace, ii. 286.

Sallust, his historical character, i. 64.

Saturnian age, ii. 276.

Savigny, C. v., on jus gentium, ii. 30.

Say, J. B., his definition of political economy, i. 45; he considers political
economy as independent of political government, i. 48; his Olbie, ii.
274, n.

Savages, distinguished from barbarians, i. 12, n.; are in general migratory,
I. 39; history of a savage community, i. 139; they keep no historical
records, ib.; their characteristics, ii. 90, 450, n.

Science of politics, its existence, ii. 125; there can be a science of things
made by man, ii. 126; science of legislation, ii. 131; relation of science
to art, ii. 146, 148, 152; to nature, ii. 449; science does not predict, ii.
332; its progress, ii. 422; distinction between scientific and esthetical
progress, ii. 488.

Sculpture, a representative art, ii. 239.