of the vine, suggests the idea of planting female yew trees near vineries. (Hort. Trans.)

The yew makes excellent hedges for shelter; undergrowth for the protection of game; and, when planted thick on suitable soil, so as to be drawn up with clean and straight trunks, most valuable timber. When the hedge is wanted to be of one shade of green, the plants should all be raised from cuttings of the same tree; and, when they are intended to show fruit, in order to rival a holly hedge, only female plants should be chosen; and the hedge, like holly hedges kept for their fruit, should be cut in with a knife, and never clipped with the shears. Single scattered trees, when intended to be ornamental by their berries, should, of course, always be females; and, in order to determine their sex, they should not be removed to where they are finally to remain till they have flowered. This may, doubtless, be accelerated by ringing a branch on each plant after it has attained 5 or 6 years' growth.

The use of the yew tree in ancient topiary gardening, during the seventeenth century, was as extensive, in England and France, as that of the box seems to have been in Italy in the days of Pliny. The practice was rendered fashionable by Evelyn, previously to which the clipping of trees as garden ornaments was chiefly confined to plants of box, juniper, &c., kept by the commercial gardeners of the day in pots and boxes, and trained for a number of years, till the figure required was complete. Sometimes, as we find by Gibson, Bradley, and others, clipped plants of this sort sold as high as five guineas each; and, in all probability, this high price first led Evelyn to the idea of clipping the more hardy yew in situations where it was finally to remain. The narrowness of the leaves of the yew renders it far less disfigured by clipping than even the box; and, as it is much hardier than the juniper, should clipped trees come again into fashion, there can be no doubt that the yew would be preferred to all others. As an avenue tree, the yew may be considered suitable for approaches to cemeteries, mausoleums, or tombs; and, as a single tree, for scattering in churchyards and burial-grounds.

In modern gardening, the yew is chiefly valued as undergrowth, and for single trees and small groups in particular situations. "As to its picturesque perfections," says Gilpin, writing in 1780, "I profess myself (contrary, I suppose, to general opinion) a great admirer of its form and foliage. The yew is, of all other trees, the most tonsile. Hence all the indignities it suffers. We every where see it cut and metamorphosed into such a variety of deformities, that we are hardly brought to conceive it has a natural shape, or the power which other trees have of hanging carelessly and negligently. Yet it has this power in a very eminent degree; and, in a state of nature, except in exposed situations, is, perhaps, one of the most beautiful evergreens we have. Indeed, I know not whether, all things considered, it is not superior to the cedar of Lebanon itself: I mean, to such meagre representations of that noble plant as we have in England. The same soil which cramps the cedar is congenial to the yew. It is but seldom, however, that we see the yew in perfection. In the New Forest it formerly abounded, but is now much scarcer. But still, in many parts of the New Forest, some noble specimens of this tree are left. One I have often visited, which is a tree of peculiar beauty. It immediately divides into several massive limbs, each of which, hanging in grand loose foliage, spreads over a large compass of ground; and yet the whole tree forms a close compact body; that is, its boughs are not so separated as to break into distinct parts. But, though we should be able to establish the beauty of the yew with respect to form and foliage, there remains one point still which we should find it hard to combat. Its colour, unfortunately, gives offence. Its dingy funereal hue, people say, makes it only fit for a churchyard. An attachment to colour, as such, seems to me an indication of false taste. Hence arise the numerous absurdities of gaudy decoration. In the same manner, a dislike to any particular colour shows a squeamishness, which should as little be encouraged. Indeed, when you have only one colour to deal with, as in painting the wainscot of your room, the eye,

properly enough, gives a preference to some soft pleasant tint, in opposition to a glaring bold one; but, when colours act in concert (as is the case in all scenery), red, blue, yellow, light green, or dingy green, are all alike: the virtue of each consists solely in its agreement with its neighbours." (For. Scen., i. p. 101.)

The poisonous Nature of the Yew Tree has been known (as we have seen in p. 2069.) since the time of Theophrastus, though some are of opinion that the yew of the ancients was a species of cypress. A mass of evidence, however, proves that the yew of the moderns is generally poisonous in its branches and leaves, though the berries may be eaten with perfect safety. The leaves were formerly thought a cure for worms in children; but Dr. Percival of Manchester, in his Medical and Philosophical Essays, relates a melancholy circumstance of three children being poisoned by their mother's giving them yew leaves for this purpose. The children first took a spoonful of the dried leaves, equally divided among them, and mixed with brown sugar, and afterwards ate a mess of porridge with sour buttermilk. From this dose they experienced no bad effect: but, two days afterwards, the mother, finding the worms still troubled them, administered a dose of the fresh leaves, giving them afterwards a mess of nettle pottage; that is, gruel with young nettles boiled in it; and in a few hours the children were all dead. They appeared to have suffered no pain, and, after death, looked as though they were in a placid sleep. A young lady and her servant, in Sussex, who had drunk a decoction of yew leaves by mistake for rue, died in the same manner; and several other instances are related of their proving fatal to human beings. There are instances of horses and cows having been poisoned by eating the branches of the yew; and sheep have been killed by browsing upon the bark of the tree; but goats, deer, and turkeys are said to eat the leaves without being injured by them. In the New Planter's Kalendar, it is stated, that,' though the yew has been cried down as a standard in pasture ground, on account of the poisonous nature of the leaves, yet there are many yew trees in pastures, not fenced round, and also hedges, which are uniformly browsed by sheep and cattle without doing them any injury whatever. Hanbury relates a story of seven or eight cattle "having died in consequence of having eaten the half-dried clippings of a yew tree or hedge, which the gardener had thrown over the wall; by which it would appear that the leaves and twigs, when dried or half-dried, and when taken into the stomach in considerable quantities, have a very different effect from what they have when taken in small quantities when green. Marshall has seen extensive yew plantations, into which cattle were admitted without any evil consequence to themselves, though the trees were browsed to the very bough. Sheep, he says, are particularly fond of the leaves, and, when the ground is covered with snow, will stand upon their hind legs, and devour them as high as they can reach.

In the Dictionnaire des Eaux et Forêts, the subject of the poisonous nature of the yew is discussed at great length. The young shoots, it is allowed, are poisonous both to men and animals, acting like other acrid poisons, by producing inflammation and spasms; the antidotes to which are oily substances. In 1753, several horses having entered into a garden near Bois le Duc, in Dutch Brabant, ate some of the branches of this tree, and died four hours afterwards, without any other symptoms than spasms, which continued for several minutes. A similar instance is related by Varennes de Fenilles respecting a company of cavalry horses, during the war in Germany, which had been tied to some yews, and had eaten of them. Valmont de Bouare mentions that an ass, which had been fastened to a hedge of yews near the Jardin des Plantes, after eating a few of the branches, instantly expired, being greatly inflated. MM. Daubenton and Desfontaines have seen poultry and sheep, that had eaten of the leaves of the yew tree, die in a short time. These pernicious effects of the yew have been confirmed by the repeated experience of Professor Wiborg, in the Veterinary School, and at the Botanic Garden, of Copenhagen. From the experiments of the professor, it appears that yew

leaves, eaten alone, are fatal to animals, particularly to horses, upon which he made his experiments; but that, when mixed with twice or thrice as much oats, they may be used without any danger. This neutralisation of the poisonous qualities of the yew by another vegetable may explain, to a certain extent, the diversity of opinion upon their effects; it being possible that some animals, which have eaten of the yew without inconvenience, had shortly before eaten heartily of some other vegetable. At all events, as M. Dutour observes, it is possible that the nature of the soil, the climate, and the age of the tree, may contribute to diminish its bad effects; and it is certain, that with this poison, as with certain others (opium for example), custom renders it innoxious. It is said that, in the mountains of Hanover and Hesse, the peasants feed their cattle in part with the branches of the yew, during the winter. They know its poisonous qualities; and, although they reckon it good food, they are aware that great precaution is necessary in using it, without which they run the risk of losing their cattle: consequently, they give them at first a very little, mixed with other forage; afterwards they gradually augment the quantity, until at last they can almost give them the leaves of alone, without any danger.

Soil, Propagation, &c. The yew will grow on any soil that is somewhat moist; but it thrives best in loams and clays, on rock, and in a shady situation. It is propagated for the most part by seeds; but the varieties, and also the species, when the object is to form a hedge of plants of the same dimensions and colour of leaf, as already mentioned (p. 2088.), should be propagated by cuttings or layers from one plant only. The berries are ripe in October, and should be then gathered, carried to the rot-heap, and treated in the same manner as haws. (See p. 840.) If, however, they are sown immediately, enveloped in their pulp, a few of them may come up the following year, and the remainder the second year; but, if the pulp is allowed to dry round the nut, and they are kept in that state till spring, none of them will come up till the third year. Cuttings may be formed of either one or two years' growth, and planted in a shady border, either in the beginning of April or the end of August. The cuttings will be most certain of success if slipped off with a heel, and if the soil consists chiefly of sand. The leaves should be carefully stripped off the lower part of the cutting, which may be from 7 in. to 10 in. in length, and buried to the depth of 5 in. in the soil. Cuttings treated in this manner require two years before they are sufficiently rooted to be removed. In all probability, however, if the points of the shoots were taken and planted in sand under a hand-glass, about midsummer, or before, they would produce roots the same season, and might be transplanted the following spring. Whether plants are raised from seeds or cuttings, they ought to undergo the usual routine of culture in the nursery, till they are 3 ft. or 4 ft. high; because, as they are of slow growth, time is gained by this practice; and the yew transplants so readily at any age, that there is no more danger of plants failing when transplanted at the height of 6 ft. or 8 ft., than there is when they are only 6 in. or 8 in. high. In planting the yew for hedges, the advantage of having large-sized plants is obvious; for which reason Boutcher recommends them to be kept in the nursery till they are 7 or 8 years of age, at which time they will be 7 ft. or 8 ft. high. The season for transplanting the yew, whether of a large or small size, is, as in the case of all other evergreens, when the sap is in a comparatively dormant state, between autumn and spring, and when the weather is open, mild, and, if possible, showery. If transplanted in frosty weather, or while a dry wind prevails, they ought to be covered with mats or straw, or wicker hurdles, kept 6 in. or 8 in. from the plant by stakes and poles. The proper season for clipping yew hedges is towards the end of June, when the shoots of the year have been completed; and, to retain a hedge in the greatest beauty or verdure for the greatest length of time, it ought to be gone over in the latter end of July, or the beginning of August; and the points of all those shoots which had become stubby, from repeated clippings, cut back 3 in. or 4 in. If this be not attended to annually,

CHAP. CXII.

TAXA CEE.

TA'XUS.

the entire surface of the hedge will have to be cut in to the same depth every 5 or 6 years, otherwise the surface will become so thick and matted with twigs as to exclude the air from the interior, and to kill a number of the branches, so as here and there to form gaps. These gaps, by admitting the air, are the means of keeping the hedge alive; and it is curious in this way to see nature relieving herself.

When planted The yew is admirably adapted for underwood; because, like the holly and the box, it thrives under the shade and drip of other trees. in masses by itself, the trees are drawn up with straight trunks, like pines and firs; and, in good loamy soil, on a cool bottom, plantations of yews, treated in this manner, must evidently be highly valuable. There are some fine yew groves, with tall clean trunks, at Combermere, in Cheshire; and here and there in plantations, in most parts of the country, proofs may be obtained that the like the cedar of Lebanon, the red cedar, the arbor vitæ, the juniper, yew, and various other trees, usually seen as immense bushes, might easily be grown so as to throw all their strength into a clean straight trunk. The wood of the yew is tough, and therefore not Accidents, Diseases, &c. liable to be injured by storms; and both the wood and the leaves being poineither are attacked by insects; or if they are, it is in a very slight degree. The points of the shoots, in some situations and seasons, produce little tufts of leaves, which may be considered as abortive shoots. Very few lichens or fungi are ever found on the bark; because that, as we have already observed, scales off every year. Sphæ'ria Táxi Sow., t. 494. f. 6., is common on the branchlets and leaves.

sonous,

Statistics. Recorded Trees. The list of these might be greatly extended; but we shall confine ourselves to a few, commencing with one mentioned by Evelyn as growing in the churchyard of Crowhurst, in Surrey, with a trunk 10 ft. in diameter. The same author also mentions" a superannuated yew tree, growing in Braburne churchyard, in Kent, with a trunk 8 ft. 11 in. in circum ference, which had been blown down, and sawn up into goodly planks, and considerable pieces of Such another monster," he says, "is to be seen in Sutton churchyard, squared and clear timber.

near Winchester." (Hunt. Evel., vol. ii. p. 195.) Box Hill, in Surrey, was, in the time of Evelyn, as celebrated for its yews as for its box trees. A tree at Hedsor, in Bucks, near the church, is said to have measured 9ft. in diameter; but this tree no longer exists. White mentions a yew tree in the churchyard of Selborne, which, in 1789, was apparently of great age. The body was squat, short, and thick, and girted 23 ft., supporting a large head." It was a male tree; and, in the spring, it shed clouds of dust. Most of the yew trees in the churchyards of that neighbourhood, he says, are males; which, White thinks, must be matter of mere accident, since, when these trees were planted, it was not gene rally known that there were sexes in trees; but, since he allows that the male trees are of more robust growth than the females, by selecting the strongest plants from seed-beds in which the plants stood all at equal distances, the chance would be in favour of males. A tree at Little Shardon, near Shareshill, in Staffordshire, had, in 1780, a singularly picturesque appearance, and formed one of a vast number of very old and large yew trees. (See Gent. Mag., vol. ix. p. 1187., Supp., where a figure of this picturesque tree is given.) In Scotland, according to Dr. Walker, there were a great many yew On the hills between Dumbarton and Loch trees in the latter end of the last century, with trunks varying from 6 ft. to 52 ft. in circumference; the latter being the dimensions of the Fortingal Yew.

Lomond, there were, in the beginning of the present century, many hundreds of large yew trees, all of which have been cut down and sold. Hayes, in 1794, records several trees as at that time existing in Ireland. At Dunganstone, he saw above 30 trees, most of them with clear trunks 2 ft. in diameter, and upwards of 30 ft. high. A yew tree at Fornace, in Kildare, the same author observes, has trunk 4 ft. in diameter at 6 ft. from the ground; and the diameter of the head is 66 ft.

Existing Trees. In the environs of London. There are many yew trees at Syon, and at the Chiswick villa, between 50 ft. and 50 ft. in height; at Mount Grove, Hampstead, a tree, 18 years planted, is 16 ft. high; at York House, Twickenham, 100 years old, it is 50 ft. high.-South of London. In De. vonshire, in the churchyard of Stoke-Gabriel, situated on the river Dart, is a fine old yew, 40 ft. high, the trunk of which is 13 ft. 8 in. in circumference, and the diameter of the head is 70 ft.; at about 7 ft. from the ground, the trunk divides into two limbs, one of 5 ft. 6 in., and the other 4 ft. 6 in., In Dorsetshire, at Melbury Park, 200 years old, it is 55 ft. high, the diameter of in circumference. the trunk 3 ft., and that of the head 51 ft. In the Isle of Jersey, in Saunders's Nursery, 10 years planted, it is 9 ft. high. In Somersetshire, at Brockley Hall, it is 30 ft. high, with a trunk 18ft. in circumference; another, with a trunk 17 ft. in circumference: at Leigh Court, it is 45 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 11 ft., and the diameter of the head 48 ft. In Surrey, at Titsey Place, near Godstone, it is 48 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk, at 5 ft. from the ground, is 18 ft. 6 in. and the diameter of the head between 60 ft. and 70 ft. In Hone's Every Day Book is an engraving of a yew tree in Windlesham churchyard, near Bagshot, Surrey, said to have been planted in the time of William the Conqueror, 21 ft. high, and 12 ft. in girt. In Sussex, at Cowdray, it is 30 ft. high, with a trunk of 4 ft. in diameter; at Kidbrooke, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 6 in., and In Wiltshire, at Longleat, 300 years old, it is 36 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk of the head 54 ft. 10 ft. 4 in., and that of the head 42 ft.-North of London. In Berkshire, at Aldsworth, near Wal. lingford, in the churchyard, is one 27 ft. 3 in. in circumference at 5 ft. from the ground: it has a fine regular head, urn-shaped, though, compared with the trunk, it is a dwarf. At Hampstead Marshall, there are the remains of a very old yew, the trunk of which was 47 ft. in circumference a few years ago; but which, in 1836, was only 37 ft. in circumference. In Cheshire, at Tabley Hall, 70 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1ft., and of the head 96 ft. In Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 35 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and that of the head 41 ft. In Durham, at Southend, 28 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft, and that of the head

30 ft. In Essex, at Shortgrove, there is a tree 50 ft. high, with a trunk 5 ft. Sin. in diameter, and the diameter of the head 55 ft.; at Braybrooke, 51 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and of the head 27 ft.; at Hyland, 10 years planted, it is 14 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and the diameter of the head 13 ft. In Hampshire, in Warblington churchyard, near Portsmouth, it is 26 ft. in circumference. In Kent, in Leeds churchyard, is a yew tree, the greatest circumference of which was 31 ft. 2 in.; at 7 ft. high, 28 ft. 8 in.; diameter of the hollow, in October, 1833, when some gipsies had been residing in it, 8 ft. 6 in.; height to the lowest branch 7ft. 11 in.; total height 32 ft. 4 in.; and diameter of the head 50 ft. In Leicestershire, at Donnington Park, 25 years planted, it is 31 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., and of the head 24 ft. In Northamptonshire, in the churchyard at Ashby, is a very large yew tree; but it is not easy to take its dimensions, as the stem is buried in mould up to the branching off of its chief branches. In Northumberland, at Hartburn, 80 years old, it is 38 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 30 ft. In Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 200 years old, it is 36 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 24 ft.; a female tree: another, a male tree, 200 years old, is 38 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1ft. 9 in., and of the head 27 ft. The yew hedges which formerly existed in this garden have been already mentioned, p. 2076. In Pembrokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 20 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and that of the head 18 ft. In Radnorshire, at Maeslaugh Castle, 26 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 9 in., and that of the head 66 ft. In Shropshire, at Hardwicke Grange, 9 years planted, it is 13 ft. high; at Willey Park, 21 years planted, it is 21 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 18 ft.; at Kinlet, 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and that of the head 71 ft. In Staffordshire, at Himley Hall, are several immense yew trees, particularly one which is celebrated for its widely spreading head. In Suffolk, at Finborough Hall, 70 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 2 in., and that of the head 45 ft. In Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, it is 40 ft. high, and has a trunk 7 ft. in circumference; at Croome, 40 years old, it is SO ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 20 ft.; in Backleton churchyard is a very fine tree, with a trunk 7 ft. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. In Yorkshire, at Grimston, 13 years planted, it is 14 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 14 ft.; at Spotborough Hall, near Doncaster, it is 34 ft. high, circumference of the trunk, at 3 ft. from the ground, 15 ft. 6 in., diameter of the head 63 ft.; in Studley Park, 50 ft. 6 in. high, with a trunk 4 ft. 9 in. in diameter, and the diameter of the head 56 ft. (See fig. 1991.) In Scotland, in the environs of Edinburgh, at Gosford House, 35 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 10 in., and of the head 21 ft.; at Hatton House it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 30 ft. ; at Moredun, 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 4 in., and of the head 57 ft. South of Edinburgh. In Berwickshire, at the Hirsel, 30 years planted, it is 17 ft. high, the diameter of the head 26 ft. In Kircudbrightshire, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 3 in., and that of the head 36 ft. In Haddingtonshire, at Tyningham, it is 24 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 2 in., and of the head 27 ft. In Roxburghshire, at Dryburgh Abbey, the one already noticed, p. 2079.; and at Minto, 140 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 54 ft. North of Edinburgh. In Argyll. shire, at Minard, is a beautiful tree, about 130 years old, 34 ft. 6 in. high, diameter of the head 59 ft. In Banffshire, at Huntley Lodge, it is 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 8 in. In Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 10 years planted, it is 10 ft. high. In Cromarty, at Coul, 200 years old, it is 22 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 6 in., and that of the head 39 ft. In Forfarshire, at Monboddo, 100 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and of the head 20 ft.; at Kinnaird Castle, $5 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 5 ft., and the diameter of the head 35 ft. In Perthshire, on the estate of Johnstone, Esq., near the Old Castle of Kincardine, 700 years old, it is 45 ft. high, with a trunk 13 ft. 6 in. in circumference, and with three large limbs, one of which is 19 ft. long, and 7 ft. in girt; a second, 28 ft. long, and 5 ft. in girt; and a third, 22 ft. long, and 5 ft. 6 in. in girt: at Taymouth, 100 years old, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 36 ft.; at Marlee, near Dunkeld, a male and a female_tree, standing close together, of very large dimensions, and in a vigorous state of growth. In Ross-shire, at Brahan Castle, 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 14 in., and of the head 30 ft. In Stirlingshire, at Callender Park, 22 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 11 ft., and the diameter of the head 33 ft.; at West Plean, 10 years planted, it is 8 ft. high.-In Ireland. near Dublin, at Terenure, 15 years planted, it is 12 ft. high; var, fastigiata, 20 years planted, is 15 ft, high. South of Dublin. In Cork, at Morn Park, 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 4 in., and that of the head 47 ft. In King's County, at Charleville Forest, 45 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 45 ft.-North of Dublin. In Down, at Castle Wood, 134 years old, it is 35 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 8 in., and of the head 39 ft.; at Moira, 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and that of the head 39 ft. In Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 89 years old, it is 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 30 ft.: var. fastigiàta is a native of the neighbouring mountains, where the original plant is still in being. In Galway, at Coole, 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 21 ft. In Sligo, at Makree Castle, 52 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and that of the space covered by the branches 39 ft. In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, 120 years old, it is 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft.; in the same gardens, 50 years old, it is 20 ft. high. Near Nantes, 60 years old, it is 30 ft. high. At Avranches, in the Botanic Garden, 40 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and that of the head 20 ft.In Hanover, in the Botanic Garden at Göttingen, 30 years planted, it is 20 ft. high.-In Cassel, at Wilhelmshoe, 30 years old, it has a trunk 1 ft. in diameter.-In Bavaria, at Munich, in the Botanic Garden, 19 years old, it is 8 ft. high.-In Austria at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 30 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 18 ft.; at Laxenburg, 28 years planted, it is 16 ft. high; in Rosenthal's Nursery, 17 years planted, it is 13 ft. high; at Brück on the Leytha, 40 years planted, it is 15 ft. high. In Berlin, at Sans Souci, from 45 to 50 years old, it is 26 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 11 in., and of the head 9 ft.-In Sweden, at Lund, in the Botanic Garden, it is 28 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 10 ft.-In Italy, in Lombardy, at Monza, it is 30 years old, and 36 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 6 in., and of the head 20 ft.

Commercial Statistics. Transplanted seedlings, in the London nurseries, 1 ft. high, are 16s. per hundred; 2 ft. high, 40s. per hundred; and plants of T. b. fastigiàta, 1s. 6d. each. At Bollwyller, plants of the common yew are 1 franc each, and those of the variegated-leaved variety, and of the common yew, 5 francs each. At New York, small plants of the common yew are from 25 to 50 cents each; large plants, 1 dollar each; and plants of the Irish yew are 1 dollar each.