they only return to it in case of sickness. The highest price, which varies greatly, paid for children is twenty francs per month. Payment ceases at twelve years of age, when the children are apprenticed for four years, if possible to agricultural labourers.

The insane are supported as far as possible in separate buildings, and are always at the cost of the department.

We now approach one of the most important parts of the French system the treatment of vagrants. Mendicity is punishable by imprisonment in the ordinary prisons, and is treated with greater severity if the offence is committed in a commune other than that of which the mendicant is a native. In this case he would be regarded as guilty of vagabondage, which is a more serious crime than mendicancy. After the expiration of his sentence in the prison the mendicant is conducted to a Dépôt de Mendicité, with which institution every department must be provided. This holds a middle place between the hospice and the prison. It has for objects, on the one hand, to give an asylum to the mendicant, on the other to urge him to work to correct his vices and his idleness, which are too often encouraged, in the opinion of French writers, by the action of charitable persons. On arrival of the mendicant at the dépôt he is compelled to take a bath. He is then set to work at his trade, if he has one; if not, he is taught some occupation by which he can henceforward gain his living. The management of the dépôt varies in different places, but at that of St. Denis, which serves the whole department of the Seine, including Paris, the custom is to compel the inmates to earn forty francs before they are set free. One-half of this amount goes to the dépôt as a contribution towards the cost of maintenance; one-fourth is doled out during the period of incarceration to the mendicant himself for the purchase of tobacco or other luxuries; and the remaining fourth is handed to the mendicant as he leaves the dépôt. There were on the day of my visit 630 men and 300 women in the dépôt of St. Denis. The former were mostly employed in shoe, slipper, and sabot-making, tailoring, chain-making, and other simpler occupations, such as tearing up rags for the shoddy-mills; the women in needlework. The food and general style of maintenance are poor to a degree.

Although a comparison between the numbers and cost of all paupers in England and France is impossible, we have sufficient data before us to make some effort at a contrast, quantum valeat, between the pauperism of London and that of Paris. The total cost of all Poor Law relief in 1876 in London was 1,618,8221. There were an average of 80,000 paupers always in receipt of indoor or outdoor relief. On the same principle as before it may be roughly estimated that this figure represents about 320,000 paupers in the course of the year. In Paris the budget for 1873 provides for the relief of 348,000 indigent persons, the population being about one-half that of London.

This figure must, however, be greatly reduced before the comparison is just. The hospitals receive about 100,000 patients a year, and these being subtracted, together with 11,000 children, who, being apprenticed, are still under the charge of the Assistance,' but are no cost to it, 240,000 assisted persons, including mendicants, remain. Of these 205,000 receive out-relief, the balance being made up of children, insane persons, and the inmates of the hospices. This gives a percentage of 1 pauper in nearly 8 persons in Paris, against 1 in 12 in London. It must be remembered, however, that a large part of the French assistance consists of small sums given in outdoor relief. It is impossible accurately to estimate the amount expended on hospitals in Paris, as the Assistance Publique cannot keep the accounts of those establishments separate from those of the hospices and asylums for the insane. The total of the budget for 1878 was 1,350,000l., which included the management of property and the whole cost of the Assistance Publique. Outdoor relief and the Bureaux de Bienfaisance cost no more than 220,000l. The total number of beds available in all the institutions of Paris is 19,636, of which 8,430 are in hospitals, leaving 11,206 in hospices, asylums, &c. Assuming that the average cost of beds is the same throughout— although it might be taken that those of hospitals are more costlythe indoor establishments of Paris, exclusive of hospitals, would not cost more than 640,000l. Adding to this the amount expended by the bureaux, we have a total of 860,000l. This gives a result as nearly as possible equivalent to what is spent in London, where the actual expenditure and population are both double those of Paris. The number and activity of private benevolent societies are certainly greater in London than in Paris, where, however, there are many in existence. The Société Philanthropique and that of St. Vincent de Paul are the most important.

It has been estimated that the private charities of London distribute the sum of 4,000,000l. annually among the poor. Such an estimate must be almost a pure guess, but it is not difficult to believe the amount actually given away is fabulously large. A peculiarity of much British charity may be described as its animosity. It is given in many cases in defiance of the opinions of others. Organisations which are distinctly hostile to one another are at work on the same ground, as may be seen to-day in the East End of London, where bread and cocoa are being distributed in enormous quantities to poor persons for whose assistance there already exist an elaborate Poor Law and an equally elaborate system of organised charity. There are no means of estimating the amounts distributed by the purely private benevolent societies of Paris, but they are, I am convinced, infinitely less in proportion than those of London. The Assistance Publique affords an outlet for eager charity on the one hand, VOL. V.-No. 24.

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and gives an assurance that none will be neglected on the other. There is no room or excuse for the impulsive charity of which we see so much in England. To make the comparison which has been attempted above complete, it would be necessary to add to the list of English paupers a large number of persons who receive great help from charity, but whose names are not included in the list of paupers. Or we should subtract from the list of French paupers a very large number of persons who, though their names are recorded on the lists of the bureaux, have yet only received a small amount of help from a source which would, in England, be regarded as private charity. When such a deduction has been made, it will be found that there is in reality far less actual pauperism in France than in England. If the figures appear for a moment to favour a contrary idea, this arises from the fact that many more acts of charity are recorded in France than in England, and are thus reproduced in published statistics.

Possibly, however, some may not be inclined to allow that the expenditure on the indigent is less in France than it is in England.

It may be observed that under these circumstances the French system is in no respect superior to the English. If it were a mere question of expenditure, this might be the case. But it is not so. The amount spent on the poor in Great Britain is but small in comparison with the national wealth, and is no more than would probably have to be expended under another system. But the right which it gives to the poor to claim relief is a right which is most injurious to the moral fibre of the nation. The evil of want of thrift is only too apparent in this country. In France, where there is much charity, but no obligatory poor law, the forethought of the working classes is the admiration of all. The scorn-for no other word is sufficiently strong-with which such writers as M. de Fontpertuis in the Journal des Economistes speak of the obligatory systems of England and Germany, is a measure of the conviction felt by them that their own system is sound in theory and effectual in practice.

I will venture to sum up what appear to me to be the advantages of the French over the English system of poor relief under three heads:

1. Individual, and ultimately national character is not weakened by a law which teaches men to rely upon extraneous help and not upon their own exertions.

2. There is no waste of money or effort in the relief of the poor. 3. An admirable organisation is always in operation. The Bureaux de Bienfaisance are elastic, and can meet the ordinary distress of everyday life, or the misery produced by a fire, an inundation, or a siege. It is not necessary to create machinery, as is being done this winter in a hundred towns in England and Scotland, when a sudden

emergency arises. The bureaux are moreover able to decide, from information which is always within their reach, whether distress is real or only alleged."

W. WALTER EDWARDS.

5 AUTHORITIES.-1. Dictionnaire de l'Administration Française. Par M. Maurice Block. Paris, 1878.-2. Projet de Budget de l'Exercice, 1878. Administration Générale de l'Assistance Publique de Paris. Paul Dupont, Paris, 1877.—3. Rapport sur le traitement des Malades à domicile. Idem. Paul Dupont, Paris, 1878.-4. Renseignements statistiques sur la population indigente de Paris. Idem. Grandremy, Paris, 1878.-5. Service des Secours à domicile. Idem. Paul Dupont, Paris, 1877.— 6. Règlement administratif sur les Secours à domicile dans la ville de Paris. Idem. Paul Dupont, Paris, 1877.-7. Enquête sur les Bureaux de Bienfaisance. Ministère de l'Intérieur. Rapport au Ministre par M. Paul Bucquet. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1874.-8. Report on the Public Relief of the Poor in France. By E. Lee Hamilton. Blue Book, 'Poor Laws in Foreign Countries.' London, 1875.-9. Le Journal des Economistes, January 1878, Paris. Article by M. Ad. F. de Fontpertuis, on La Charité Légale et la Législation Charitable en Angleterre.'

PERSONAL RULE: A REJOINDER.

I HAVE no reason to complain of Mr. Kebbel's reply to my article on the Progress of Personal Rule.' On the contrary, I have every reason to be well content. A man does not like to be argumentatively demolished, and an apprehension that the attempt may succeed is enough to spoil the literary enjoyment which it would otherwise inspire. But when either a salutary grain of self-confidence or a reasonable persuasion of the goodness of his cause suffices to ward off any such dread, he is at leisure to admire the tactics of his assailant. In this respect I should be ungrateful if I did not tender my warmest acknowledgments to Mr. Kebbel. He has given me an hour's suggestive reading, and after following him without any sense of mortal hurt through the ratiocinative part of his essay, I have had the supreme gratification, not unmixed with wonder, of finding towards the close that he makes me a present of nearly all for which I had contended. His estimate of the political aims of the Premier is much the same as mine, the principal difference between us being that whereas he approves of them, I do not; and that while he sees in them a probable remedy for what he chooses to regard as the besetting ills of the commonwealth, I, on the other hand, view them with detestation as a quack's nostrums for imaginary evils, and as fraught with peril to the liberties of England.

A sensation of curiosity is natural on meeting for the first time with an opponent whom by some mischance one has not the honour of knowing. One watches his words and seizes with eagerness upon every bit of self-revelation in order, if possible, to pick up some acquaintance with the strange personality whom it is your fortune to confront in arms. Reading Mr. Kebbel's essay with such feelings, I could not help being charmed with my opponent. He seemed to wear such an air of obviously unstudied simplicity, and to be so clearly a stranger to the devious ways of political life. I accepted him at once as the simple outsider' he professed to be, without a brief, without any overpowering partialities, and unacquainted with the statesman he undertook to defend, save through the force of his literary intuitions. The fact that after his attention had been attracted by the growing outcry against personal rule, which, if it