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remarkable at once for its elegant latinity and for its party violence. London, 1787. 8vo. Of the preface Beloe gave (anonymously) an English translation. London, 1788. 8vo.

Montesquieu, Baron de: Reflections on the Causes of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire, translated from the French. Glasgow, 1752. 12mo.

Niebuhr, B. G. History of Rome. Cambridge, 1831. 2 vols.

8vo.

These form a learned and acute series of dissertations, rather than a history. Cluverius, Vico, Freret, De Pouilly, and Beaufort had advanced many of those opinions, which are regarded as novel in him; and Heyne showed him the way, as to the Agrarian Laws.

Rogers, Eliza: Lives of the Twelve Cæsars. London, 1811. 5 vols. 8vo.

Rollin Histoire Romaine. Paris, 1816.

20 vols. 12mo.

Rollin, Charles: History of Rome, from its Foundation to the Battle of Actium, or the End of the Commonwealth. 16 vols. 8vo.

London, 1754.

66

The first seven volumes only are Rollin's; the sixth and seventh being posthumous. The rest is by Crevier (the editor of Livy), whose Histoire des Empereurs Romains" forms the sequel of Rollin. It has been translated by John Mill. Le Beau's “Historie du Bas Empire" is also employed to complete Rollin.

Sallust: Jugurthine War and Catalinarian Conspiracy. Translated by Henry Stewart. Philadelphia, 1824. 8vo.

Havercamp is usually esteemed the best editor of Sallust's text. Amsterdam. 1742. 2 vols. 4to. The handsome and well-edited little edition of Professor Anthon is the only respectable American one.

Sismondi, J. C. L. de: History of the Fall of the Roman Empire. Philadelphia, 1835. 8vo.

Tacitus: Works, with an Essay on his Life and Genius, by Arthur Murphy. New-York, 1822. 6 vols. 8vo.

The best, but a sufficiently lifeless translation. Nor can the versions in other languages, though attempted by Rousseau, D'Alembert, and other masters in style, be said to give the slightest image of his manner. Montesquieu, if he had deigned to translate, could perhaps have succeeded in rendering him with something of his own spirit. Of his text, Brotier is perhaps the best editor. Paris, 1771. 4 vols. 4to.

Vertot, Abbé: History of the Revolutions that happened in the Government of the Roman Republic. London, 1770. 2 vols. 8vo. See also, in the preceding section, Polybius for a part of the transactions from the beginning of the second Punic War to the reduction of Macedon into a Roman province; and Plutarch for the lives of Roman kings and generals.

The following are the further original authors, in their better editions: Paterculus, Historia, à Ruhnken. Leyden, 1779. 2 vols. 8vo. Florus, Epitome; à Duker. Leyden, 1744. 2 vols. 8vo. Eutropius, Breviarium; à Sylburgio. Leyden, 1762. 8vo. Sextus Ruffus, Breviarium; à Cellario. Halle, 1698. 8vo. Aurelius Victor, Compendium; ab Arntzenio. Amsterdam, 1733. 4to. Appian, Historiæ; à Schweighæuser. Leipsig, 1785. 3 vols. 8vo. Suetonius, Duodecim Cæsares; à Crusio. Leipsig, 1816-18. 3 vols. 8vo. Dion Cassius, and Xiphilinus, Historiæ; à Fabricio. Hamburg, 1751. 2 vols. folio. Herodian, Historiæ; ab Irmisch. Leipsig, 1789. 5 vols. 8vo. Zozimus, Historia Nova; à Cellario. Jena, 1720. 8vo. Ammianus Marcellinus, à Wagner. Leipsig, 1808. 3 vols. 8vo. Historia Augustæ Scriptores sex. Paris, 1620.

folio. Cornelius Nepos, à Tzschuke. Gottingen, 1804. 2 vols. 8vo. Orosius, Historia; à Havercamp. Leyden, 1767. 4to. Valerius Maximus; à Torrenio. Leyden, 1726. 2 vols. 4to.

The modern authors we shall not attempt to enumerate; mentioning only here, for important researches in the early Roman history, Micali's Italia, avanti il Dominio de, Romani. Florence, 1810. 4 vols. 8vo, and atlas; and Beaufort's Incertitude des Cinq Premiers siècles de l'Histoire Romaine. Hague, 1750. 2 vols. in one, 8vo.

Appendix.

Adam, Alexander: Roman Antiquities, or an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Romans. New-York, 1814. 8vo.

: The same, another copy.

Kennett, Basil: Romæ Antiquæ Notitia; or the Antiquities of Rome. To which are prefixed two Essays concerning the Roman Learning and the Roman Education. Edinburgh, 1812. 8vo. : The same. Philadelphia, 1822. 8vo.

Of everything relating to Roman Antiquities, their religious rites, laws, military system, household economy, food, drinks, dress, arms, amusements, &c., an ample body exists in the collection of Grævius, entitled Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum. Utrecht, 1694-1709. 12 vols. folio, and its suppliments, Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiquitatum Romanarum, and Sallengre, Thesaurus. These, with Grævius, Polen, and Gruter, form the proper series of works in Roman and Greek antiquities. In illustration of Roman manners, Lockhart has written a novel, Valerius; Sismondi another, Julia Severa; and Bulwer, his Pompeii; Florian, his Numa Pompilius. Greek manners have, in the same way, been imbodied in Ramsay's Voyages du Jeune Cyrus; by Lantier, in his Voyages d'Antenor; and by Chaussard, in his Fêtes et Courtisanes de la Grèce.

CHAPTER XLIV.

ANCIENT HISTORY. Barbarian States.

Crichton, Andrew: History of Arabia, Ancient and Modern. (Harpers' Family Library.) New-York, 1834. 2 vols. 18mo.

Fraser History of Persia. See it in Geography.

Josephus Jewish Antiquities. Translated by W. Whiston. NewYork, 1824. 6 vols. 12mo.

: The same. Baltimore, 1830. 8vo.

Milman, Rev. H. H.: History of the Jews from the Earliest to the Present Time, with Maps and Engravings. (Harpers' Family Library.) 1830. 3 vols. 18mo.

Russell, Michael: View of Ancient and Modern Egypt. (Harpers' Family Library.) New-York, 1831. 18mo.

: Palestine, or the Holy Land, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. (Harpers' Family Library.) New-York, 1832. 18mo.

Ware Letters of Lucius M. Piso, from Palmyra, to his Friend, Marcus Curtius, at Rome. New-York, 1837. 2 vols. 12mo. A fictitious correspondence, describing the manners, &c., of ancient Palmyra. Xenophon: Descent and Retreat of the Ten Thousand. See History of Greece.

See also, in Collections of Ancient History, Ancient Fragments of the Egyptian, Phoenician, and Persian historians; and the history of particular states, in Raleigh, Mavor, Rollin, Anquetil, &c. Of these, the best general body is found in Sale and Psalmanazar's Universal History, already mentioned. For the Jews, see further, in Ecclesiastical History, Prideaux and Shuckford. There is a copious and esteemed history, by Basnage, translated. London, 1708. Folio. Of the Arabians, their own historians, Abulfeda and Abulfarage, are the best. There are various partial translations into Latin and French. Of Egypt and Assyria, Perizonius, Reland, Drummond, D'Origny, De Pauw, Leprevost d'Iray, Reynier, Champollion, and Ameilhon have written curiously and learnedly. The Researches of Heeren are important, as to all the African and Asiatic nations.

Appendix.

Brown, William: Antiquities of the Jews. Philadelphia, 1823. 2 vols. 8vo.

Lewis, Thomas: Origines Hebreæ: the Antiquities of the Hebrew
Republic. London, 1724.
London, 1724. 4 vols. 8vo.

12mo.

Library of Entertaining Knowledge: Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum. Vol. I. London, 1832. White, Professor Joseph: Ægyptiaca; or, Observations on certain Antiquities of Egypt: in 2 Parts: 1st, the History of Pompey's Pillar illustrated: 2d, Abdollatif's Account of the Antiquities of Egypt, translated into English, and illustrated with Notes. Oxford, 1801. 4to.

He also edited Abdollatif's Egypt, Arabic and Latin. and Pococke's "Specimen Historiæ Arabum."

Oxford, 1800.

Oxford, 1806. 4to.

4to;

See also, under History of Hindostan, Maurice. For the antiquities depending upon hieroglyphics, see Diplomatic Art, among Technical Arts.

CHAPTER XLV.

Byzantine History.

Gibbon Decline and Fall. See Roman History.
Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire.

For the detail of the authors forming this important body of history, see Clarke's Bibliographical Dictionary (Liverpool, 1806. 8 vols. 12mo); or the Catalogue of the South Carolina College Library. Columbia, 1836. 8vo. Besides their immediate subject, they furnish much important matter as to ecclesiastical history; that of the crusades; of the Goths, and the other barbarian nations of the middle ages; and of the Turks.

CHAPTER XLVI.

MODERN HISTORY. General.

Annual Register; or, a View of History, Politics, and Literature, from the Year 1758 to 1833. London, continued. 67 vols.

8vo.

This is usually known as "Dodsley's," and was edited by Burke, from its foundation to 1790. In that year it was sold, in such a manner that two different continuations were established, the one by Rivington, the other by Otridge. The former is most esteemed. In 1780, a new chronicle of the same sort was established under the title of The New Annual Register. Dr. Kippis was long its editor. In 1808, a Scotch enterprise of the same kind was started; the Edinburgh Annual Register, with Sir Walter Scott as its supposed editor. Hence the rapid and newspaper-like compilation of his Life of Napoleon.

Puffendorf: Introduction à l'Histoire Générale de l'Univers. Amsterdam, 1743. 11 vols. 12mo.

Salmon, Thomas, the Younger: Modern History, or Present State of all Nations; describing their Respective Situations, Persons, Habits, Manners, &c.; their Arts, and Sciences, Trade, Laws, Religion, Natural History, &c. London, 1724-39. 32 vols. 8vo.

See, further, the works in the class of Universal History.

CHAPTER XLVII.

MODERN HISTORY. Europe. General.

Alison, Archibald, Dr.: History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. London, 1835. 4 vols. 8vo. Froissart, Sir John: Chronicles of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and the adjoining Countries: translated from the French, at the command of King Henry VIII. By John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Reprinted from Pynson's Edition of 1523 and 5; to which are added a Memoir of the Translator, and a copious Index. London, 1812. 2 vols. 4to.

Hallam, Henry: View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 1824. 2 vols.

Heeren, A. L. H.: Historical Treatises; the Political Conse

quences of the Reformation; the Rise, Progress, and Influ

ences of Political Theories; the Rise and Growth of the Continental Interests of Great Britain. From the German. Oxford, 1836. 8vo.

Historical and Political Review of the Late Revolution in France, and of the Consequent Events in Belgium, Poland, Great Britain, and other Parts of Europe. 2 vols. 12mo.

Robertson, William: History of the Reign of Charles V., with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe, from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the 16th Century. New-York, 1830. 8vo.

Russell, William: The History of Modern Europe, with a View of the Progress of Society, from the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Paris, 1763, with a Continuation to the Present Time. By William Jones, Esq., with Annotations by an American. New-York, 1830. 3 vols. 8vo.

The same, continued to the Pacification of Paris in 1815. Keene, 1822. 12mo.

Voltaire Essais sur les Mours. In his Works, Polygraphs.

:

For the crusades, see Ecclesiastical History. To understand the History of the Middle Ages, the Geographical Disquisition of D'Anville, Etats formés en Europe après la chute de l'Empire Romain en Occident. Paris, 1771, 4to, is necessary. Eccard has given a Corpus Historicum Medii Ævi. Leipsig, 1723. 3 vols. folio. Koch's Tableau des Revolutions en Europe, depuis le Bouleversement de l'Empire Romain en Occident, is valuable; as is the work of the late able Prussian minister, Ancillon, Tableau des Revolutions du Système Politique de l'Europe, depuis le 15e Siècle. The able and virtuous De Thou's History of his own Time exists in an English version, as well as in French, and the original Latin. The modern part of the several universal histories already enumerated may be consulted.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

MODERN HISTORY. Italy.

Botta, Carlo: History of Italy during the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. From the Italian. London, 1828. 2 vols. 8vo. : The same. Philadelphia, 1829. 8vo.

Da Ponte, Lorenzo: History of the Florentine Republic, and of the Age and Rule of the Medici. New-York, 1833. 2 vols. Machiavel, Nicholas History of Florence; containing an Account

of the Heroic Enterprises, Public and Private Transactions, with the Civil Dissensions and Changes in that Government. From the Italian. London, 1694. Folio.

The same, in his Italian Works. Polygraphs.

This forms his picture of democratic government; as his Discourses on Livy do of aristocratic, and his Prince, of monarchical rule.

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