136 Maittaire's and the Regent's Classics. forfeit one hundred pounds, which shall go real estate for life."-Blackstone's Com. s. M. Mr. URBAN, West Square, Feb. 24. OUR quotation from Dryden's YOUR letter, in which he characterises Jacob Tonson, the bookseller, "an old rascal*," recalls to my recollection an instance of Tonson's con as duct, which pretty well accords with the poet's description of him, and which ought not to be unknown to the admirers of Maittaire's Classics. Those Classics were published by that same Jacob Tonson: and the ori ginal editions (notwithstanding a few occasional inaccuracies) are certainly creditable to Mr. Maittaire's sagacity and diligence. But, in the subsequent editions, alas! quantum mutatus ab illo! In these, we no longer recognise Maittaire, but clearly enough discover Dryden's" old rascal." From the internal evidence of the volumes themselves, it appears certain, unquestion ably certain, that they were not revised or read for the press by Maittaire; but that Tonson, having once obtained the sanction of Maittaire's name, and being unwilling to incur any further expense for editorship, printed the subsequent editions without his concurrence. Hence they are justly stigmatised by Dr. Harwood and Mr. Dibdin, as replete with typographic errors;' of which it may here be sufficient to quote one notable example from the edition of Phædrus, published in 1729, (while Maittaire was yet living) viz. the omission of this entire line * See vol. XCI. ii. p. 534. Sinistra quos [Feb. in lucem natura extulit. Lib. 2, 9, 16. These spurious editions old Jacob gave to the public as Maittaire's; though they could not, with any propriety, be considered as his productions; since he had not undertaken to examine any Manuscripts, to discover any new or improved readings, or to offer any conjectural emendations; but had contented himself with adjusting the text from the printed editions extant in his day, and causing that text to be correctly printed under his own inspection; which inspection being withdrawn from the subsequent publications, they were no longer Maittaire's accurate editions, but the inaccurate productions of Jacob Tonson, and his blundering printer. An advantageous contrast to this parsimonious Tonsonism is furnished by the proprietors of the Regent's Pocket Classics, now in the course of publication-Several of the velumes having necessarily been reprinted to satisfy the public demand, the publishers have cheerfully consented to incur a renewed expense for editorship, not only a second time, but even a third and a fourth. This I assert from my own practical knowledge; as (besides otherwise editing for them thirty-seven volumes of those Classics) I have lately produced a third edition of the Virgil, and a fourth of the Horace: whence the subsequent editions are not (like Tonson's) inferior to the first, but rather improved by a more minute punctuation, calculated to render the text in general more easily intelligible. While I have the pen in my hand, allow me, Mr. Urban, to notice another imposition practised by Tonson in publishing the Corpus Poëtarum, as the production of Maittaire, though Maittaire only wrote a dedication to it, as he might have written a prologue to another man's play. The publication in question was certainly not edited by Maittaire, or by any Latinist, but abandoned to the mercy of an ignorant printer, who printed, moreover, from bad editions, and literally copied the grossest and most palpable errors contained in them, as I have clearly shown from several striking examples, in my "Latin Prosody," page 297, third edition. Yours, &c. JOHN CAREY. REVIEW REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 15. The History of Saint Paul's Cathedral, in London, from its Foundation: extracted out of Original Charters, Records, Legerbooks, and other Manuscripts. By Sir William Dugdale, Knt. Garter Principal King at Arms. With a Continuation and Additions, including the Republication of Sir William Dugdale's Life from his own Manuscript. By Henry Ellis, F. R. S. Sec. S. A. Keeper of the Manuscripts in the British Museum. Lond. fol. 1818, pp. 500, Plates. We do not look upon this work, without recollecting one of those unhappy wights, in that facetious performance," the Miseries of Human Life," which wight falls accidentally upon an important thing he ought to have done long ago, and finds that he has forgotten it. We hasten, however, to make the amende honor able. The advantage of Topography upon the County History plan is in no work more conspicuous than in Dugdale's St. Paul's. Not a vestige of the antient building remains, (which, though a matter of little moment, as the New Edifice far exceeds it,) still introduces melancholy reflections. We think of similar fine buildings in many of our cities, and deeply regret the contiguity of dwelling-houses through the possible consequences of fire. Destruction would be irreparable. Under these circumstances, a model or painting becomes peculiarly interesting; and such, executed in perfection, is the book before us, a work fortunately consigned for re-editing to a Gentleman, who had not only the power, but the means and inclination of giving it the highest possible improve ment. It is got up in an elegant stile, and suited to the fastidious taste of the age, and worthy its great author. Sir William Dugdale was the father of Topographical Antiquaries, and his works make the eyes sparkle of his Archæological children. The old Church of St. Paul's was a cruciform Gothic building, resembling Westminster Abbey, but, in our opinion, inferior. At least it had a more spurious mixture of styles. In the centre of the transepts was a lofty Salisbury spire. Prints of it are not GENT. MAG. February, 1892. uncommon. We think it therefore more interesting to give the antient state of a place far less known-the Precincts or Church-yard. In the first place, there was, in the opinion of Sir Christopher Wren, no Temple of Diana on the site, which he pronounces to have been a large burying-place, where Romans, Britons, and Anglo-Saxons burnt or interred their dead. Nine wells were found in a row, belonging to a street of houses, that lay aslope from the High-street, then Watling-street, to Cheapside, and on the North side, under part of the place where Paul's Cross had stood, and nearer the surface than the Roman remains, flint have formed the yards of Citizens' pavements were found, supposed to houses, purchased by Lanfrank, for enlargement of the Church (p. 132). Maurice, Bishop of London, in the reign of the Conqueror, in 1083, enlarged the streets anear "By purchasing of Laymen's houses that stood there, and almost totally compassing for the effecting whereof King Henry I. the Church-yard with a very strong wall; about the beginning of his reign granted to him part of the ditch, belonging [to the Castle, called Palatine Tower, which stood towards Fleet river]; and so much thereof as might be sufficient to make a way without the same wall, which was, I conclude, to be that which is now part of Creed-lane and Carter-lane; for in our time a great proportion of the same wall was standing." p. 5. According to antient custom (Fosbroke's British Monachism, p. 165) there was a school and library, temp. Hen. I. "at the corner of the clochier," or bell tower, of which below (p. 6). The Deanery, with a Chapel annexed, was built within the precincts of the Church-yard, t. H. II. (p. 7); the latter was walled 13 Ed. I (p. 12). 45 Ed. III. the houses and gardens about the Church were destroyed (p. 62). In 1332, 6 Ed. III. on the South side of the body of the Church was begun a new Chapterhouse, with a cloister, where formerly was a garden of the Dean and Chapter, and the old Chapter-house adjacent (p. 87). At the East end of the Church-yard stood the Clochier, or 138 REVIEW. Dugdale's St. Paul's Cathedral. or Bell Tower, which had a large spire, covered with lead, contained four large bells, and had an image of St. Paul at top. By a quo warranto issued 15 Ed. I. "It appears that the ground lying Eastward from the Church, wherein at that time they had newly begun to bury, was the King's soil; and that the Citizens of London had of antient time held a cer tain court there, called the Folkemot: it was certified, that they used to ring a bell hanging in this tower, by the sound whereof the people were summoned to it." p. 87. Sir William Dugdale says, "this is doubtless the place where the Schoolmaster of St. Paul's School dwelleth at this day." (Ibid.) [Query if Sir William be correct, for in Bacon's History of Hen. VII. p. 129, we are told, that where the school now stands was a house of the sign of the Black Eagle. Rev.] On the North side, towards the East end, stood the famous Cross, pulled down in 1643 (pp. 87. 109). On the North side was a Charnel-house, with a Chapel over it (p. 89). Near the North door was Skiryngton's Chantry Chapel (92). On the North side, Eastwards from the Bishop's palace, was Pardon Church Haigh, another Chapel, with a Cloister, over the East side of which was a Library (93). Add to this, the Bishop's palace, with dwellings for the Prebendaries, Minor Canons, &c. and three colleges, called Peter College, Lancaster College, and Holmes College, residences of Chauntry priests (p. 390). The Church contained within its limits more than 34 acres (p. 61). Thus the Church-yard resembled formerly a Cathedral Close, such as exists at Wells, Salisbury, &c. interesting from antiquity of aspect, but too irregular and various to have an ornamental architectural effect. The modern glorious Roman Temple, (for it is not an English Church) should have stood in an area, as large as that of Lincoln's Inn-fields, and been surrounded with noble stone-fronted piazzaed houses; streets in a straight line being drawn from the North, South, and West doors; but Sir Christopher could not get room enough for the building itself as he proposed, much less for its precincts, (see p. 185) now consisting of houses, of the colour and form of brick loaves, standing upright. Clocks are certainly more antient, [Feb. than modernizing Beckmann is willing to admit. We have here a contract for a dial, made 18 Ed. III. (A. D. 1344), which dial had the image of an angel, pointing at the hour both of day and night (pp. 16. 340). This we conceive to be an Index or Hand in the form mentioned. It is well-known, that Churches were formerly used as Market-places, Town-halls, and Exchanges. There was walking, jangling, brawling, fighting, bargaining," &c. in sermon and service time (p. 97). Decker says, "The South alley for Usurye and Poperye, the North for Simony, and the Horse Faire in the middest for all kinds of bargaines, metinges, brawlings, murders, conspiracies, and the Font for ordinary paiments of money." p. 106. The Monument of Sir John Beau champ was mistaken for that of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, and the term" to dine with Duke Humphrey," "Applied to persons who, being unable to procure a dinner, walk about and loiter during dinner time, had its origin in one of the ailes, which was called Duke Humphrey's walk." p. 107. There was a door called the Si Quis door, from the first words of advertisements, "pasted and plastered up with serving men's supplications," &c. (p. 107). Of these, see Mr. Douce on Shakspeare. Mr. Lodge (Shrewsbury Papers, i. 8) mentions libels being "set upon Paul's door." In the Mercurius Publicus, No. 42, Oct. 17-24, 1661, we find, that in the grand rebellion, the Churchyard was "made a Market - place, and a Market there kept." More interesting matters than we have time to specify occur in this elaborate and superior book. Buck venison was eaten in summer, and that of doe in winter, as now. It was rendered by tenure, and "The reception of this doe, and buck was, till Queen Elizabeth's days, solemnly performed at the steps of the Quire by the Canons of this Cathedral, attired in their sacred vestments, and wearing garlands of flowers on their heads; and the horns of the Buck, carried on the top of a spear, in procession, round about the body of the church, with a great noise of horn-l·lowers." P. 12. It is little suspected, that customs of the Classical Antients were com mon 1822.] REVIEW. Dugdale's St. Paul's Cathedral. mon in the Middle Ages. We need say nothing of the Garlands worn at feasts; and Dr. Clarke (Travels, iii. 286) from Erasmus, ascribes the hornblowing to the Church being erected upon the site of a Temple of Diana, a tradition certainly antient, and not, in our opinion, satisfactorily disproved by Sir Christopher Wren. Three goldsmiths were employed to work for a whole year upon the shrine of S. Erkenwald (p. 15). Fifteen thousand poor were to be fed in the Churchyard upon St. Paul's day, 28 Hen. III. [A.D. 1243], p. 16. Sapphire stones were deemed good for curing diseases of the eye (Ibid). Swans were articles of food (24). The institution of Monts de Piété, or Pawnbroking, is not so modern as has been supposed. Mich. de Northburgh, Bishop of London, by will in 1361 (35 Ed. III.) left 1000 marks to be lent upon pledges (p. 25). The shield of John of Gaunt was covered with horn, and of singular form (p. 33). The cuirass of Henry de Lacie, Earl of Lincoln (pl. iii.) seemingly of buff-leather, as reaching only down to the hips, is not common, but cuirasses were of various constructions (Grose, Milit. Antiq. ii. 249). The first Lottery in England, of which we have any account, was drawn at the West door of St. Paul's Cathedral, in 1569, and consisted of forty thousand lots, at ten shillings each lot. The prizes were plate. It began to be drawn Jan. 11, and continued day and night till May 6.In 1586 another lottery was drawn, the prizes of which consisted of rich and beautiful armour: a house of timber and board was erected at the great West gate of St. Paul's for the purpose. -In 1612 was another lottery, the chief prize of which was 4000 crowns in plate. It was drawn at the West end of St. Paul's. The Norman Builders, says Sir Christopher Wren, "Valued not exactness; some intercolumns were one inch and a half too large, others as much, or more, too little. Nor were they true in their levels." p. 114. The Booksellers, who for the most part lived round the Church, used to keep their books in the subterranean church of St. Faith (p. 126). Bishops used formerly to make presents of gloves to all persons who came to their consecration dinners, a custom com 139 muted in 1678 for 50l. donation towards rebuilding this Cathedral (p. 142). A Turkey carpet was in use for the Communion table, 7 Ed. VI. (A.D. 1552). The only Classicks in the Library were parts of Seneca, Tully, Virgil, and the Cæsars of Suetonius (p. 393). Queen Anne, in the Procession of 1702, was "Habited in purple cloth, as being in mourning for the late King William III. with her great Collar and George of the Order about her neck, and the Garter set with diamonds, tied on her left arm." p. 440. Here our limits compel us to bid adieu to the antient part, which contains so many bright stars, that our view is only that in a cloudy night; a selection of a few. The Editor and Publishers also merit high public approbation for including the modern building and the monuments of our heroes, which do honour to the sculptors. It only remains for us to discuss, how far dust does or does not contribute to the set-off of statues. With respect to human faces, dirt, whether in patches or streaks, never assumes a picturesque form. Now, whether the brown creases and patches, upon the prominences, and in the cavities of statues, might not occasionally be carefully swept with a very light broom, we leave to those whom it may concern, well-knowing, in the usual phrase of ladies, that our sex has not proper feelings or judgments concerning dirt; and exercises therein an unjustifiable toleration. However, our recommendation implies consignment of the office only to a very careful and trusty person. 16. Archæologia; or, Miscellaneous Tracts, relating to Antiquity. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. Vol. XIX. Part II. THIS Part preserves the erudite and instructive character which we gave to the first. (See vol. XCI. i. 423.) The Part commences with Article XXVI. Observations on the antient Military Garments formerly worn in England. By Samuel Rush Meyrick, LL.Ď. Disquisitions on Costumes without plates are, in our opinion, just as rational as to substitute verbal pass-port descriptions of persons for painted portraits. We will in candour allow, that the simple form of a night-cap may 140 REVIEW. Archæologia, Vol. XIX. may be verbally acquired; but any article of dress, where fashion or ornament intervenes, cannot in this way be comprehended. We must have it subjectum oculis, and Dr. Meyrick's papers are, in their present state, dispatches in cypher. Without disputing the honour of figuring away in the Picture-gallery of the Archæologia, we do not think that the limits of that publication could permit Dr. Meyrick to do justice to the recondite learning which he has displayed upon the subject. That subject requires a volume, for Maillot (Costumes, pl. xx.) has engraved ten different kinds of mail, as occurring in the Bayeux Tapestry alone. It is further manifest, 1. that particular kinds of armour were devoted to certain ranks, at least for some ages. 2. That specimens ought to be taken according to æra, for the fashions varied. But it may be said, that Dr. Meyrick's dissertation merely implies a nomenclature of different parts of military costume. Dr. Meyrick modestly stiles his learned labours conjectures, although they are more than probable hypotheses, yet, unfortunately no author can here claim infallibility. For instance, every body thinks that a target means a shield only; yet Maillot says (p. 99) "Targue. On donnait quelquefois ce nom å la cuirasse." We shall not far pursue a subject, where it is uncertain whether we are right or wrong. Felted corolets are very ancient (Rigallius, Gloss. p. 25; Ducange, v. Feltrum); and Xenophon mentions horse-furniture made of this Lana coacta, as the Romans called it. It undoubtedly gave birth to the Gambeson. But when Dr. M. (p. 211) mentions the slit part of a Saracen's Gambeson, we refer him to Montfaucon's plate of the first battle of the Crusaders against the Infidels in 1094. The Corslet is formed of oblong perpendicular compartments, whether stuffed or metallick, connected by horizontal bands; and this we conceive to be the slit part turned inwards, which made a sort of shield: nor did we ever see any thing like Saracen armour on Eng lish monuments, as Dr. Meyrick, p. 212, affirms. Dr. Meyrick says, p. 220, “in a letter of the year 1478, the Hauqueton seems to have taken the form of a gorget of plate, covering the chest, [Feb, &c." It is centuries older; for Bouterouve has published a statue of Childeric I. who died about 481, where this plate occurs, and misnomered it the Hallecret, an iron corslet, composed of two pieces, and lighter than the cuirass. Art. XXVII. Observations by Geo. Chalmers, Esq. tending to prove spu rious a Scotch Charter, published by Selden. Tit. of Hon. p. 846. Ed. 2. This paper is elaborate, and renders the charter very suspicious. One of the objections is the use of the phrase Teste meipso, which, in opposition to Sir William Coke, Mr. Chalmers says, occurs in Rymer's Foedera in 1190, and was first used by Richard I. It is very true that Mabillon says this; but as the Teste meipso seems only to imply the King's full exercise of regal power, it is probably no test of æra. See the Regency Tract, annexed to Poems by the late Nicholas Hardinge, Esq. p. 243. Art. XXVIII. Observations on some Ruins recently exposed in St. Martin's-le-Grand, &c. By J. B. Gardiner, Esq. Mr. G. says: "I am of opinion, that the rag-stones, as well as the fragments of bricks, which I have mentioned, were taken from London Wall, which passed near the spot, or from some other Roman building." P. 255. founded here in 1056, the above acAs there was a Collegiate Church count is very probable; but Mr. Essex, in his valuable paper on building (Archæologia, iv. 98-106.) says, that this work, the pseudisodomum of Vitruvius, been used by the Saxons at Ely, and occurs in all ages in England, having in King's College Chapel, t. Hen. VI. This fact is not sufficiently recollected; for wherever such sort of work occurs, it is called Roman, and its subsequent use is as little known, as that the zigzag moulding derived its origin from imitation of herringbone work (Essex, ubi supra.). As to the Purbeck Marble of p. 262, Mr. E. says (p. 104) "it does not appear to have been used in our buildings before the 12th century, and to have been disused before the end of Edw. III." Art. XXIX. An account of the confinement of Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, by order of * We could show it to be Egyptian, Grecian, &c. Queen |