Imatges de pàgina
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Statement showing the Value of Timber and the Quantities of Hemp, with the Quantities and Values of the Flax, Linseed, and Hempseed exported from Riga during the following Years.

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We borrow from a different, but not less authentic source, the following details as to the trade of Riga in 1842.

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R. H. 27 14 0)

O. H. 26 5 0 Per ton free on board.
P. H. 25 8 oj

It may be well to mention that the hemp shipped for the
British navy contract cost in many instances, from its superior
quality, 488. and even 100, per ton more than the common
R. H. as above quoted.

There were shipped to all countries (72,291 barrels of linseed, of which 48,629 barrels were for the U. Kingdom. i'ne ecports of hempseed were 161,331 barrels, of which only 3,665 barrels went to the U. Kingdom.

The shipments of corn were

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1841, 16,224

1,685

Years.

Wainscot
Logs.

Half Logs.

Pipe Hhd.
Staves.

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RIO DE JANEIRO, the capital of Brazil, on the Atlantic, in lat. 22° 54′ 15′′ S., lon. 43° 15' 50" W. Population 200,000. The harbour of Rio is one of the finest in the world, both as respects capaciousness and security for all sorts of vessels. In coming from the N. E. it is usual to make Cape Frio, in lat. 23° 1′ 18" S., lon. 42° 3′ 19′′ W., being about 4 leagues nearly E. of Rio. The entrance to the harbour is marked by a remarkable hill in the form of a sugarloaf, 900 feet high, close to its west side; while on the east, or opposite side of the bay, at the distance of about 1 mile, is the fort of Santa Cruz. But the wood-cut in the next page, taken from a chart published by order of the Brazilian authorities, gives a much better idea of this noble harbour than could be obtained from any description.

Entrance to the Harbour. — Vessels bound for Rio, coming from the N., should, after rounding Cape Frio, steer due W., keeping about 3 leagues from the coast, until they come within 5 or 6 miles of the Ilha Raza, or Flat island lying almost due S. from the mouth of the harbour, at the distance of about 3 leagues. A light-house, the lantern of which is said to be elevated nearly 300 feet above the level of the sea, was erected on this island in 1829. The light is a revolving one, finishing its revolution in 3 minutes, and exhibiting alternately a white and a red light. There is also a light-house in the fort of Santa Cruz, the light of which is fixed, and elevated about 50 feet above the level of the sea.- Coulier sur les Phares, ed ed.) Having got within 5 or 6 miles of the Ilha Raza, ships may enter by day or by night, the dotted line in the cut marking the fair-way into the harbour. There are no pilots to be met with; and as there are no hidden dangers of any kind, their services are not wanted. On entering, vessels must pass within hall of Fort Santa Cruz, to be ready to answer any questions that may be put to them. They then proced to Fort Vilganhon, below or opposite to which they must bring to, or come to anchor, allowing no boats to come alongside, but those of the government, until they have received pratique, when they will be permitted to proceed to the usual place of anchorage for the merchant shipping.

The sea breeze generally sets in about A. M., and lasts till about sunset. It is strong enough to enable ships to overcome the ebb. High water at full and change at 2 in the afternoon.

Money, Weights, and Measures. — All payments are made in paper money, which has been over-issued, and is excessively depreciated. But in ordinary cases the par of exchange may now be assumed at abort 31d. sterling per patriotic dollar, of 1620 reis paper. Weights and long measures are the same as those

of Lisbon, the arroba being 324 lbs. avoirdupois; but measures of capacity are different, a medida being equal to 5954 Imperial galls., and an alquiére to 1'11 ditto.

Trade. The trade of Rio is extensive, and has increased rapidly of late years. It is now by far the greatest mart for the export of coffee. The shipments of this important article, which in 1830 amounted to 396,785 bags, have increased with such unexampled rapidity, that, in 1848, they amounted to 1,710,707 bags, that is (taking the bag at

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References to Plan.-A. Ilha do Catunduba. B, Fort de St. Joao. C, Morro do Flamengo. D, Ponta do Calhabouco. E, Fort da Ilha das Cobras. F, Ilha dos Rattos. G, Fort da Boa Viagem.

160 lbs.), to 273,713,120 lbs., or 122,193 tons; being about equal to all the exports of coffee from all the other ports in the world. It has not, however, been so large since. Sugar was formerly an important article of export from Rio, but latterly it has rapidly decreased, and only amounted to 5,979 cases (13 cwt. each) in 1849. It is probable, however, that here, as in Cuba and other places, the late low prices of coffee may have produced a reaction in favour of sugar, the exports of the latter having risen, in 1850, to 13,047 cases. The other great articles of export from Rio are hides, rice, tobacco, rum, tapioca, ipecacuanha, manioc or manihot, flour, and other inferior articles. The export of cotton has entirely ceased; and that of gold, diamonds, &c. is mostly clandestine. Diamonds are principally exported from Bahia. We subjoin,

An Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles of Native Produce exported from Rio during each of the Seven Years commencing with 1843.

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1843

1844
1845

1846

1847

716 213,363|1,710,707|
656 212,576 1,453,980

Ves. Tons.
Bags.
Cases.
(154 lbs. (13 cwt.).]
590 171,207 1,189,523 9,433
571 167,018 1,260,431 11,513
584 171,320 1,208,062 14,539
668 199,858 1,511,096
8,115
658 198,308 1,641,560 8,311
5,848
5,979

1818

1849

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No. No. No. Bags. Pipes. Doz. Lbs. Rolls, Brls. &c. 345,070 515,051 22,235 12,187 3,206 1,701 18,161 4,685 369,183 541,436 15,506 14,976 3,804 938 4,365 21,676 6,123 215,689 308,608 18,399 27,274 4,725 2,182 17,681 15,003 7,454, 394,586 345,199 17,291 13,913 3.664 1,836) 49,788 18,483 4,701) 268,192 447,607| 6,162,20,021 3,985 809 23,901 21,707 1,970 315,848 285,527 11,657 9,808 2,984 1,321 16,308 22,290 1,733 302,220 385,685 11,139 20,717 4,380 1,905 11,676 26,909 9,543

The principal article of import consists of cotton goods, the value of which amounts to full one third of the total value of the imports. Next to cottons are woollen, linen, and silk manufactures, wines, jewellery, and ironmongery; flour, meat, fish, butter, and other articles of provision; spirits, salt, earthenware, paper, and a host of other articles. We avail ourselves of this opportunity to subjoin

A Statement of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles annually exported from the different Ports of Brazil at an Average of the Years 1844-47.

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The exports have not increased materially within the last few years; and now that labour is becoming scarcer and dearer, in consequence of the greatly increased difficulties

thrown in the way of the importation of slaves, it is doubtful whether they will be maintained, and whether the exports of coffee will not also decline. cotton have, for a lengthened period, been nearly stationary. pretty extensive, and supplied us in 1850 with 30,299,982 lbs. portant article of export.

The exports of They are still, however, Hides are a very im

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Account of the Coffee Exported from Rio de Janeiro in each Year from 1821 to 1850, both inclusive, in Bags of 160lbs.

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1. To go directly with his vessel from the entrance of the harbour to the anchorage ground in Franquia, and if, on account of the tide, contrary wind, or any other just cause, he should be compelled to come to anchor, and shall remain anchored for twelve hours after said hindrances are removed (except in case of being quarantined), he shall pay a fine of 100,000 reis, and shall be compelled, by the fort, or by a government vessel of war, whichever may be nearest,) to proceed immediately to the Franquia anchoring ground.

2. He shall not suffer any kind of vessel to board him, nor any person to come on board or to leave his vessel, before he has been visited from the custom-house, excepting only the pilot,health officer, the head officer at the entrance, when there is one, and in the case of shipwreck, or for the saving of lives.

3. Even after the custom-house visit on arrival, and until the vessel is discharged, he shail allow no person to come on board without a written permission from the inspector of the customs; and this permission shall be given in the following

cases, viz

A. To allow the buyers of goods to go on board to examine the cargo they wish to purchase, when sufficient specimens cannot be seen on shore.

B. To workmen or labourers necessary to put the cargo in order, taking care to have them examined when they go on board and return. In case of the infraction of the above regulations, a fine shall be imposed on him from 100,000 to 200,000 reis for every vessel he allows to board him, and of 500,000 for each person who shall enter or leave his vessel without licence, unless he be a passenger or belonging to the crew: and every other person who goes on board or leaves the vessel shall pay 100,000 reis fine, and be kept in custody until payment is made. The one third part of these fines shall be divi ded amongst the watchmen or military who shall have taken up the offender.

4. He shall deliver to the guarda-mor (chief customs officer), when he makes his visit on arrival, his passport and cargo book. 5. He shall deliver to the commander of the guard boat without the port, if he be there, or at the Franquía, if he be there, the manifest as described below.

6. He shall enter at the custom-house within 24 hours after the guarda-mor has been on board, not counting the days on which the custom-house is shut, and present himself to the Inspector, and swear, or affirm, that he has not on board of his vessel any merchandise other than what is described in the

manifest he has delivered, and that he has no further declaration to make; and if he do not enter within the 21 hours, he shall pay 100,000 reis for each day's delay additional.

7. If he shall detain his vessel at either of the anchorages more than 24 hours, when he shall be directed by the guardamor, or his representative, to remove thence, he shall pay 100,000 reis for every day he delays.

8. He shall discharge no part of his cargo but by an order in writing from the inspector; and if he land any without such order, he shall pay 100,000 reis for each package so landed.

9. He shall give notice to the officer attending the discharge of the vessel, as soon as his cargo is discharged, that he has nothing remaining on board. If he omit to do this on the same day, so that the vessel may be immediately examined, he shall be fined 100,000 reis.

10. The master of every vessel going with a cargo to any part of the empire, must have two manifests of the cargo, exact copies of each other, exhibiting the name, class, and tonnage of the vessel; the name of the captain, whose signature must follow the date; the name of the port where the articles stated in the manifest were taken on board; the name of the port or ports for which the vessel is destined; the marks or counter-marks and numbers of the packages, and their description, as bales,cases, pipes, half-pipes, barrels,&c.; a declaration of the quantity and quality of the merchandise of each package, or several similar ones of the same mark, and also of what is on board in bulk; the names of the consignees, or to order; all to be written at length, except the numbers of the packages. 11. When the vessel has taken in her cargo at more than one port, there must be two manifests from each port.

12. At the end of the manifest, the captain shall declare the number of passengers, whether cabin or steerage, and the baggage for the use of each, and in addition any declaration necessary for his security; and in good faith he shall declare whether he has any package to add to the manifest, or whether any are deficient, with the cause of it, as no after declaration will relieve him from responsibility for he will not be exempted upon the vague declarations frequently made, which do not account for deficiencies or differences.

13. The captain of any vessel bound to Brazil, when he has completed his cargo in the port or ports from which he is to sail, and made the manifests, as required in the 9th article, shai! present his documents to the Brazilian consul residing in the port, who shall examine them, and if agreeable to these regulations, certify them.

14. In those ports where there is no Brazilian consul or sub stitute, the manifest shall be certified by two Brazilian resi

dent merchants; or, if there be none, by two merchants of the place; in either case, the signatures to be authenticated by legal authority.

15. Should any greater quantity of goods be found on board than are stated in the manifest or the declaration of the captain, the overplus shall be seized and divided amongst those who seize them, after paying the duties, and the captain shall pay a fine of half the value of the goods.

16. If there are any goods mising of those stated in the manifest or declaration of the captain, they shall be reputed to be concealed or smuggled, and he shall pay the value thereof to those who have discovered the deficiency, and half the value to the national treasury. These condemnations shall take place on the simple fact of there being an overplus or deficiency of goods, without further proof being required.

17. For each difference in the quality or mark of the package, the captain shall pay 2,000 reis, although in every other respect the goods discharged may agree with the manifest.

18. The captain whose manifests are not conformable to these regulations, shall be fined from 100,000 reis to one conto de reis, at the will of the collector, according to the degree of culpability that shall appear, and he cannot discharge until the fine is paid.

19. In case the captain brings no manifest, he may still be allowed to discharge, by paying 5 per cent. on the value of the cargo, in addition to the usual duties.

Franqui. Vessels proceeding to Brazil, and when it is wished to dispose of their cargoes at different ports, must clear out for " Brazil and other ports," or for " Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and other ports." They are then entitled to the privilege of Franquia, and may land a part of their cargoes at one port, paying duties only on the goods so landed, and proceed with the remainder to other porta. But if they clear out for one port only, they are compelled to make a complete entry, and discharge the whole of the cargo.

In proceeding from one Braz lian port to another, it is necessary that a bill of health should be taken from the focal autho rities of each port; and where any part of the cargo is landed, the same must be noted on the original manifest by the customs officer of the port. Anchorage. Foreign vessels pay, in all ports of the empire, 10 reis per ton per day, from the 5th day after their entry." Light house. The light-house duty, 100 reis per ton, for all vessels over 40 tons departing from ports where there is a lighthouse. Vessels under 40 tons are exempted from this duty.

Port-duty. On all vessels not crossing the bar of the harbour of Rio de Janeiro, the following charges are levied, viz., of three masts, 12,500 reis; of two masts, 9,600 reis; and of one mast, 6,400 reis.

Seal. The duty is 40 reis for every written half-sheet. Health. Visit of the physician is fixed at 8,200 reis; but in case the vessel is made to perform quarantine, then another sum of 8,200 reis is payable on the admission of the vessel to free pratique.

Hospitals. A vessel of three masts pays 6,000 reis; brigs, Corvettes, and yachts, 4,000; pinnaces, 2,560; barks, 1,286. Each one of the ship's company of vessels sailing for a foreign port pays 400 reis.

Usages of Merchants. It is customary that the expense of landing and shipping a cargo on freight shall be paid by the vessel, unless the contrary be stipulated in the bills of lading. When hard Spanish dollars are bargained for fin contracts of freight, they should be so expressed in the instrument of contract, to prevent dispute.

Purchases of produce are paid for in cash, and sales are made on stipulated credits, but nominally for cash.

If bills on London are sent out for the purchase of produce in Brazil, the credit must have the confirmation of the London house.

Anchorage Dues in Brasil Ports.-The anchorage dues fixed by law of 22d October, 1836, are now superseded by a tax of 3 rix-dollars per ton, payable, one half on entering, and one half on sailing, by all merchant vessels on foreign trading, with the following restrictions:

Ships arriving in ballast, and going away the same, will pay the old anchorage; if taking cargoes, they will pay half the present dues.

Ships entering to get fresh provisions, or in "Franquia," to try the market, but do not discharge, pay only the old an chorage. If they merely discharge part of cargo, pay only half of present dues.

Ships entering under average or in distress, pay nothing if they do not discharge, or only discharge the necessary for repairing.

Ships carrying colonists subject to some modifications. Ships entering three times in one year, only pay anchorage dues the first two voyages.

The government is authorised to modify the impost, as soon as the treaty with Great Britain expires, as may seem most suitable for the encouragement of the national shipping trade to foreign ports, or to the whale fisheries. The anchorage dues on foreign shipping may not be increased. Rio, June 26, 1843.

Rates of Commission charged at Rio.

5 per cent. on sales of merchandise.

25 per cent. on purchase of merchandise, with funds in hand, on amount of cost and charges.

2 per cent. guaranty on amount of sales on credit.

2 per cent. for drawing or indorsing, and negotiating hills.

2 per cent. on purchase or sale of vessels by private contract.

5 per cent, on amount of vessels condemned by surveyors. 24 per cent. for procuring or collecting freights.

2 per cent. on disbursements of vessels in cominon cases, with funds in hand.

5 per cent. on disbursements of vessels when funds are ad vanced, or in case of condemnation, or in vessels entering for repairs only.

1 per cent. on receiving and forwarding goods; and

2 per cent, on amount of responsibilities incurred thereon.

1 per cent, on receiving and paying money on which no other commission is derived.

per cent. on purchase or sale of specie.

per cent. for effecting marine insurance on the amount insured; and when the premium exceeds 10 per cent., 5 per cent. on the amount of premium.

per cent. on remittances on bills not indorsed.

On consignments of merchandise withdrawn or reshipped, full commission to be charged to the extent of advances or responsibilities incurred, and half commission on the residue of the value.

1 per cent. per month on all cash advanced. No interest allowed on money on deposit.

1 per cent. storage on all dry goods.

In the case of discharging and reshipping the cargoes of vessels in distress, on the invoice amount, 3 per cent.

24 per cent., or half the commission charged on sales of merchandise, will be returned to supercargoes, but nothing on

investments or other business.

An Account of the declared Values of the Principal Articles of British and Irish Produce and Manufac ture exported from the Ú. Kingdom to Brazil, in 1848.

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An Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles imported into the U. Kingdom from Brazil,

Umbrellas and parasols

3,582

220,800

Other articles

20,266

duce and manufactures

2,067,299

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