XXXV. -a (fem. í), after Vriddhi of the first syllable, forming abstract nouns, collectives, patronymics, and adjectives expressing some relationship to the primitive noun; e. g. śauća, n. ‘purity,' fr. śući, ‘pure;' sauhṛida, n. or sauhárda, n. 'friendship,' fr. su-hrid (see Preliminary Obs. c); paurusha, n. 'manliness,' fr. purusha, ‘a man ;' śaiśava, n. ‘childhood,' fr. sigu, ‘a child;' kshaitra, n. ʻa collection of fields,' fr. kshetra, ‘a field;' Vásishṭha, a descendant of Vasishtha ;' Mánava, a descendant of Manu,' fr. Manu; Vaishnava, a worshipper of Vishnu,' fr. Vishnu; paurusha, manly,' fr. purusha, a man; saikata, sandy,' fr. sikatá; dárava, 'wooden,' fr. dáru, 'wood' (see Preliminary Obs. a); vaiyákaraṇa, ‘grammatical,' fr. vyákaraṇa, ‘grammar' (see Preliminary Obs. d).

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XXXVI. अक -aka (वुच्, वुक्, वुन्, ड्वुन्, वुञ), generally after Vriddhi of the first syllable, forming adjectives (fem. generally í) and substantives (cf. -ika, -ka); e. g. aumaka, ‘flaxen,' fr. umá, ‘flax ;' Ángaka, 'coming from An-ga;' aushṭraka, coming from camels,' 'a quantity of camels' (neut.), fr. ushtra, a camel;' vátsaka, n. a number of calves,' fr. vatsa, a calf.' The fem. of this suffix is sometimes iká, which, however, may be regarded as the fem. of ika.

XXXVII. fr. śringa.

XXXVIII.

-áța, as váćáța, ‘talkative,' fr. váć, speech;' similarly, śringáța

t -ání, forming feminines from masculine nouns like Indra, see Indrání under -í, page 58. (Observe-Agni, ‘fire,' has a fem. form Agnáyí,‘the goddess of fire.')

XXXIX. 147-áyana (,,,,), forming patronymics, &c., after Vriddhi of the first syllable; e. g. Nárayana, ʻa name of Vishņu,' fr. nara. XL. -ála, as váćála, 'talkative,' fr. váć, speech.'

XLI. -ika (fem. ikí), forming adjectives and a few collective nouns after Vriddhi of the first syllable; e. g. dhármika, religious,' fr. dharma, 'religion ;' vainavika, a flute-player,' fr. venu; Vaidika, 'Vedic,' fr. Veda; áhnika,' daily,' fr. ahan, ‘a day;' naiyáyika, ‘knowing the Nyáya philosophy,' fr. nyáya; dauvárika, 'a porter,' fr. dvára; kaidárika, n. ‘a quantity of meadows,' fr. kedúra. Cf. Gr. modeμ-ikó-s, Baoiλ-skó-5: Lat. bell-icu-s, naut-icu-s, &c.

XLII. ☎ -ita, as phalita, ‘having fruit,' fr. phala (the past passive part. of phal being phulla, 547. b); rathita, 'furnished with a chariot,' fr. ratha. ObserveThis may be regarded as a past passive participle suffix added to the stems of nominal verbs, cf. -ina below.

XLIII. FA-ina (77), as phalina, ‘fruitful,' fr. phala; malina, ‘dirty,' fr. mala; śringiņa, ‘horned,' fr. śṛinga; rathina, ‘having a carriage,' fr. ratha.

XLIV. -ineya, forming a few patronymics after Vriddhi of the first syllable; e. g. saubhágineya, 'the son of an honoured mother,' fr. su-bhagá.

XLV. 4-iya (fem. á), as agriya, 'foremost,' 'the best part' (neut.), fr.

agra.

XLVI.-ira (fem. á), as medhira, 'intelligent,' fr. medhú, 'intelligence ;' rathira, going in a carriage,' fr. ratha (cf. -ra, LXXVIII).

XLVII.-ila (fem. á), as phenila, 'foamy,' fr. phena, 'foam' (cf. -la, LXXX). XLVIII. ! -ishṭha (fem. á), forming superlatives, as alpishṭha, 'least,' fr. alpa, 'little,' which also uses kanishtha fr. rt. kan (see 192-194). ObservePerhaps this suffix is in most cases rather primary than secondary, being generally added to the root or modified root, as uru, wide,' forms varishtha fr. vṛi (see -iyas, 86. V). Cf. Gr. μéy-1σTO-s, -10T0-5: Lat. juxta for jug-(i)sta, lit. 'most

joined.'

XLIX.

-ína (,

), forming adjectives and substantives, as grámína, ‘rustic,' fr. gráma, ‘a village;' kulína, ‘of good family,' fr. kula; navína, ‘new,’ fr. nava; adhvanína, ‘a traveller,' fr. adhvan, ‘a road;' anupadíná, f. ‘a boot,' fr. anupada; áśvína, 'being a day's journey for a horse,' fr. aśva.

L.-iya, forming adjectives, sometimes after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the stem; e. g. svásríya, ‘a sister's son,' fr. svasṛi, 'a sister;' bhrátríya, ‘fraternal,' fr. bhrútri; párvatiya or parvatiya, 'mountainous,' fr. parvata; aśvíya, relating to horses,' 'a number of horses' (neut.), fr. aśva; parakiya (fem. á), 'belonging to another,' fr. para (in this the final of the stem apparently remains and k is inserted); saukhiya, 'pleasurable,' fr. sukha.

Forming also possessive pronouns, as madiya, tvadíya, &c. (see 231).

LI. -íra, -íla, only lengthened forms of ira, ila, qq.vv.

LII. -ura, as dantura, 'having long teeth,' fr. danta.

LIII.

-ula, as mátula, ‘a maternal uncle,' fr. mátṛi.

LIV. -úla, as dantúla, 'having teeth,' fr. danta; vátúla, rheumatic,' 'a whirlwind' (masc.), fr. váta.

LV. -eya (fem. ), forming adjectives and substantives after Vriddhi of the first syllable; e. g. paurusheya, 'manly,' fr. purusha; ágneya, 'fiery,' fr. agni; dáseya, ‘born of a slave-girl,' fr. dásí; maheya, ‘earthen,' fr. mahí; jňáteya, n. ‘relationship,' fr. jñáti. Cf. Gr. λeóvтe10-5, λeóvteo-s: Lat. igneu-s, &c.

LVI.-ka, forming adjectives, collective nouns, and nouns expressing diminution or depreciation; e. g. Sindhuka, 'belonging to Sindh,' fr. Sindhu; madhuka, 'sweet,' fr. madhu; rájaka, n. a number of kings' or a petty king' (m.), fr. rájan; aśvaka, ‘a hack,' fr. aśva, 'a horse.' Sometimes almost redundant, as madhyamaka (fem. iká), 'middlemost,' fr. madhyama; bhíru-ka, 'timid,' fr. bhíru; putraka, a son;' bálaka (fem. iká), 'young.' For the Krit suffix -ka, see 80. XVI. Observe-Some of these may equally be regarded as formed with the suffix -aka, q. v. Cf. also -ika.

LVII. kalpa (4), regarded by native grammarians as a secondary suffix (see Páņ. v. 3, 67. 68, &c.), denoting 'similitude with inferiority,' or in the sense of nearly,' 'about;' as, kavi-kalpa, a sort of poet;' mṛita-kalpa, nearly dead;' paćati-kalpam, 'he cooks fairly well.' See Dict. kalpa.

LVIII. -tana (fem. í), forming adjectives from adverbs of time; e. g. śvastana, ‘future,' fr. śvas, 'to-morrow;' hyas-tana, ‘of yesterday,' fr. hyas; prútastana, belonging to the early morning,' early morning' (neut.), fr. prátar, at

K

day-break;' prák-tana, 'former,' fr. prák, 'previously;' other examples are práhnetana, pratana, nútana, éirantana. Cf. Gr. éπ-ye-Tavó-s: Lat. cras-tinu-s, diu-tinu-s. LIX. -tama (HQ), (-tamám), forming, 1st, the superlative degree, &c. (see 191, 195-197); e. g. punya-tama, 'most holy' (see 191); uććais-tama, 'very lofty,' fr. uććais. Sometimes added to pronominal stems (see 236). Cf. -tara, -ma: Lat. op-timu-s, ul-timu-s, &c.

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Forming, 2ndly, ordinals (H); e. g. vinśati-tama (fem. í), 'twentieth,' fr. vinśati, 'twenty' (see 211-213).

Tamám, derived from the first, is added adverbially; e. g. uććais-tamám, ́exceedingly high;' vadati-tamám, 'he talks incessantly.'

LX. -taya, forming adjectives (fem. í) and neuter substantives from numerals; e. g. tri-taya, 'consisting of three,' 'a collection of three' (neut.); catushtaya, 'four-fold,' 'a collection of four,' &c. (neut.), fr. catur, ‘four' (see 214). LXI. -tara (), forming the comparative degree (see 191, 195-197, 236); e. g. punya-tara, ‘more holy;' uććais-tara, ‘higher,' fr. uććais, aloft.' Sometimes added to pronominal stems (see 236). Cf. -tama: Gr. γλυκύτερο-5, μελάν

περί-ς.

Tarám, derived from -tara, is added adverbially; e.g. uććais-tarám, ‘in a higher degree' (cf. bahu-tarám); vadati-tarám, he speaks more (than he ought).'

LXII. π-tá (=-tva below), forming feminine abstract substantives from stems of nouns or adjectives; e. g. bahu-tá, multitude,' fr. bahu, 'many;' prithu-tá, 'breadth,' fr. pṛithu, ‘broad;' yuva-tá, 'youthfulness,' 'youth,' fr. yuvan, 'young;' purusha-tá, 'manliness,' fr. purusha, 'a man;' deva-tá, divinity.' Cf. Lat. juven-ta, senec-ta, vindic-ta.

a

LXIII. f -titha (fem. í), forming ordinal adjectives, &c.; e. g. bahu-titha, 'manifold,' fr. bahu; távatitha, 'the so-manieth,' fr. távat.

LXIV. -tíya (fem. á), forming ordinals; e. g. dvi-tíya, ‘second;' tṛi-tíya, 'third' (see 208).

LXV. -tna, forming adjectives; e.g. éira-tna, 'old,' 'ancient,' fr. dira, 'long;' other examples are nútna, pratna. Cf. -tana above.

LXVI. -tya (, ), forming a few adjectives; e. g. tatra-tya, 'being there,' fr. tatra; iha-tya, 'being here,' fr. iha. Sometimes with Vriddhi of first syllable; e. g. páśćát-tya, 'subsequent,' fr. paśćát, 'behind.' Similarly, dákshinátya fr. dakshiná; pauras-tya fr. puras.

LXVII.

-trá, forming a few feminine collective nouns; e. g. go-trá, ‘a herd of cattle,' fr. go. For the adverbial suffixes -tra, -trá, see 720.

LXVIII. -tva (=-tá above, q. v.), forming neuter abstract nouns; e. g. bahu-tva, yuva-tva, prithu-tva, deva-tva, &c.

LXIX. -tvana (=-tva), Vedic, forming neuter abstract nouns; e. g. mahitvana, 'greatness,' fr. mahi or mahin, 'great' (Vedic); sakhi-tvana, 'friendship,' fr. sakhi, a friend;' vasu-tvana, 'wealth,' fr. vasu, ‘rich.'

LXX. ¿■ daghna (¿H), regarded (like dvayasa and mátra) as a secondary

suffix (Pán. v. 2, 37), denoting height,' 'measure,' &c.; e. g. úru-daghna (fem. í), 'reaching to the thighs.'

LXXI.

desiya (4), regarded (like kalpa, q. v.) as a secondary suffix (Páṇ. v. 3, 67), denoting ‘about,' 'nearly;' e. g. paṭu-deśíya, 'tolerably clever.' dvayasa (3), denoting 'height,' 'measure,' &c. (see daghna

LXXII.

above); e. g. úru-dvayasa (fem. í), reaching to the thighs.'

LXXIII. 7-na (7, 7), forming adjectives and substantives, sometimes after Vriddhi of the first syllable; e. g. purá-na (fem. á or í), 'old,' fr. purá, ́ formerly ;' pra-ṇa, ‘old,' fr. pra; paunsna (fem. í), 'virile,' 'manhood' (neut.), fr. puns, 'a man;' straina (fem. í), 'womanly,' 'womanhood' (neut.), fr. strí.

LXXIV. ■ -ma (probably an old superlative suffix, cf. -tama, -ra), forming ordinals and other adjectives; e. g. pañća-ma, 'fifth;' sapta-ma, seventh' (see 209); madhya-ma, 'middlemost,' fr. madhya, 'middle;' ava-ma, 'undermost,' fr. ara, 'away;' para-ma, 'furthest,' fr. para, 'beyond.' Cf. Gr. ßdo-μo-s: Lat. septi-mu-s, pri-mu-s, infi-mu-s, sum-mu-s, &c.

LXXV. ч-maya (4), forming adjectives (fem. í) denoting 'made of,' 'consisting of; e. g. loha-maya, made of metal,' 'iron,' fr. loha, 'metal;' tejo-maya, 'full of light,' fr. tejas, ‘lustre;' buddhi-maya, ‘intellectual.'

LXXVI. Ħa mátra (), added to words to denote 'measure,' 'height,' &c. (cf. daghna, dvayasa); e. g. yava-mátra (fem. í), 'of the size of a barleycorn ;' úru-mátra, up to the thighs.' See mátra in Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

LXXVII. य -ya (यप्, य, ड्य, यस्, ष्यङ्, ण्य, द्व्यण्, ट्यण्, यक्, यत्, व्यत्, ण्यत्, ,, ), forming adjectives, patronymics, and neuter abstract substantives, generally after changes similar to those required by secondary suffixes beginning with vowels (see Prelim. Obs. a. b. at 80. B); e. g. dhanya, 'wealthy,' fr. dhana, 'wealth;' rahasya (fem. á), 'secret,' 'a secret' (neut.), fr. rahas, secrecy;' pitrya, 'fatherly,' fr. pitṛi; ṛitavya, 'seasonable,' fr. ritu; frequently after Vriddhi of the first syllable, e. g. saumya (fem. á or mí), 'lunar,' fr. soma, 'the moon;' mádhurya, n. ́sweetness,' fr. madhura, ‘sweet;' caur-ya, n. 'theft,' fr. cora, ‘a thief;' sauhṛid-ya, n. 'friendship,' fr. su-hrid, 'a friend;' saubhág-ya, n.' good fortune,' fr. su-bhaga (see Prelim. Obs. c); svám-ya, 'lordship,' fr. svámin; vaiyághrya, n. 'the state of a tiger,' fr. vyághra. Sometimes the nasal and preceding vowel are not rejected; e. g. brahman-ya (fem. á), 'relating to Brahman;' rájan-ya, 'regal,' fr. τάjan (see Prelim. Obs. b. d). Cf. Gr. πάτριος, πατρεία, σωτήριος, σωτηρία: Lat. patr-iu-s, patr-ia, nefar-iu-s, &c. (cf. the primary suffix -ya, 80. XXVIII).

LXXVIII. -ra (probably an old comparative suffix, cf. -tara, -ma), forming a few adjectives (fem. á); e.g. madhu-ra, 'sweet,' fr. madhu; aśma-ra, 'stony,' fr. aśman; ava-ra, 'inferior,' fr. ava, 'down;' apa-ra; 'posterior,' fr. apa, 'away.' Cf. Lat. sup-eru-s, sup-er; inf-eru-s, inf-er.

LXXIX. 54 rúpa (579), regarded as a secondary suffix giving the sense 'composed of,' 'consisting of,' 'full of,' &c., and sometimes almost redundant; e.g. satya-rúpam vákyam, ‘a speech full of truth,' or simply 'a true speech;' árya

rúpa, 'respectable.' Sometimes giving the sense 'good,' 'well,' and even used with verbs adverbially; e. g. patu-rúpa, 'very clever;' vaiyákaraṇa-rúpa, 'a good grammarian;' paćati-rúpam, 'he cooks well' (Pán. v. 3, 66).

LXXX. -la (fem. á), forming a few adjectives (cf. -i-la); e. g. śrí-la, ‘fortunate,' fr. śrí; pánśu-la, 'dusty,' fr. pansu; phena-la, foamy,' fr. phena.

LXXXI. LXXXII. -vala (, ), forming a few adjectives (fem. á) and substantives; e. g. úrjas-vala, 'strong,' fr. úrjas; sikhá-vala, 'crested,' 'a peacock' (masc.), fr. śikhá, ‘a crest;' dantá-vala, m. ‘an elephant,' fr. danta, ‘a tooth.'

-va (probably for -vat, 84. VII), as keśa-va, ‘hairy,' fr. keśa.

LXXXIII. ☎ -vya (, ), as pitṛi-vya, ‘a paternal uncle,' fr. pitṛi, ‘a father.' Cf. Gr. πаτρ-vić-s: Lat. patr-uu-s.

LXXXIV. π -śa, forming a few adjectives (fem. á) and substantives; e. g. loma-sa, hairy,' 'a sheep' (masc.), a fox' (á, fem.), fr. loman, 'hair.'

LXXXV. -sa, forming a few adjectives, sometimes with Vriddhi; e. g. tṛiņa

sa, grassy,' fr. triņa; trápusha, made of tin,' fr. trapu, ‘tin.'

81. SECOND CLASS.-Stems ending ini (m. f. n.)

A. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES, formed from Roors by adding the following Krit suffixes

I.-i, forming abstract nouns, nouns of agency of all genders, and adjectives (with occasional Guņa or Vriddhi of the radical vowel); e. g. kavi, m. ‘a poet,' fr. ku; ahi, m. ‘a snake' (exis, anguis), fr. anh; dhvani, m. 'sound,' fr. dhvan ; yaj-i, m. a worshipper,' fr. yaj; pesh-i, m. ‘a thunderbolt,' fr. pish, 'to crush ;' tvish-i, f. 'splendour,' fr. tvish, 'to shine;' sać-i, f. ‘friendship,' fr. sać; kṛish-i, f. 'ploughing,' fr. krish; lip-i, f. 'a writing,' fr. lip, 'to smear;' chid-i, f. 'an axe,' fr. chid, 'to cut;' vár-i, n. 'water,' fr. vri, 'to surround;' aksh-i, n.

fr. aksh; śué-i, 'pure,' fr. śuć, to be pure;' bodh-i, 'knowing,' fr. budh. Sometimes with reduplication; e. g. jagm-i, 'quick,' fr. gam, ‘to go;' jaghn-i, slaying, fr. han. Cf. Gr. πόλις, δύναμις, στάσις, ὄψις, &c. : Lat. ovis, trudi-s, &c.

Often added to dhá, 'to hold,' after various prepositions and prefixes, to form masculine nouns, the final of the root being dropped; e. g. ni-dhi, m., vi-dhi, m., san-dhi, m.; one or two are exceptionally fem. (e. g. oshadhi).

II. fa-ti (cf. -ni), forming feminine abstract nouns and a few masculines, and closely related to the -ta of the past pass. part. at 80. XVII, being added with similar changes (except that i is rarely inserted); e. g. śru-ti, f. 'hearing,' fr. śru; bhú-ti, f. ‘existence,' fr. bhú; sthi-ti, f. ' state,' fr. sthá; mati, f. ‘mind,' fr. man ; uk-ti, f. ‘speech,' fr. vać, 'to speak;' púr-ti, 'fulness,' fr. prí, 'to fill;' dat-ti, f. a gift,' fr. dá; bhit-ti, f. ́ a fragment,' fr. bhid, 'to split' (but past part. bhin-na); éhit-ti, f. splitting,' fr. chid (but past part. chin-na); vṛid-dhi (i. e. vṛidh+ti), f. 'increase,' fr. vridh; yati, m.‘a sage,' fr. yam, 'to restrain;' jnáti, m. ‘a relation,’