It should be noted that in Romanized Sanskrit printing and writing it is usual instead of leaving the udátta unmarked to treat that as the only accent to be marked, and to treat both anudáttatara and dependent svarita as an-udátta or without any accent at all.

979. The foregoing explanations will make clear how it is that in the Samhitá of the Rig-veda an anudáttatara mark is generally the beginning of a series of three accents, of which the dependent svarita is the end; the appearance of this anudáttatara mark preparing the reader for an udátta immediately following, as well as for a dependent svarita. This last, however, may sometimes be retarded by a new udátta syllable, as in fear and, where the syllable, which would otherwise be a dependent svarita, becomes changed to an anudáttatara because of the udátta syllable following.

980. But if an independent svarita is immediately followed by an udátta or by another independent svarita, a curious contrivance is adopted. Should the syllable bearing the independent svarita end in a short vowel, the numeral is used to carry the svarita with an anudáttatara under it, e. g. ¶ (Rig-veda x. 89, 2),

gag: qama (IV. 17, 2); and should the syllable end in a long vowel, the numeralis employed in the same way, but the anudáttatara mark is placed both under the long vowel and the numeral, e. g. falfa Aug¶d (1v. 55, 6), Wwgfq: (v1. 21, 8).

(1. 166, 11),

981. It should also be pointed out that the absence of mark is employed in a sentence to denote an-udátta as well as udátta; thus, in the Samhitá of the Veda, at the commencement of a sentence a horizontal stroke underneath marks the first anudáttatara syllable of the sentence as well as all such an-udátta syllables as precede; the next syllable, if without mark, is udátta; and the next, if it has an upright mark, is svarita; but the next, if it has no mark, is an-udátta; and the absence of all mark after the upright mark, continues to denote an-udátta until the appearance of the next horizontal mark, which is anudáttatara. In fact, all the syllables, both in words and sentences, which follow the svarita are supposed to be pronounced in the accentless tone until the voice has to be depressed for the utterance of another udátta syllable.

With regard to the absence of accentuation, we may note that in direct sentences a verb (unless it is the first word) is regarded as an enclitic and loses its accent. The same rule applies to Vocative cases, which are accented only when they begin a sentence, and then on the first syllable. Verbs preserve their accent in conditional sentences and in a few exceptional cases.

982. The system of accentuation in the Prátiśákhyas often differs from that of Pánini. The rules given by these treatises for determining the accent when two vowels (each bearing an accent) blend into one are very precise, but are liable to exceptions. The following are some of those most usually given: udátta+udátta =udátta; udátta+anudátta=udátta; anudátta+anudátta=anudátta; anudátta+ udátta=udátta; svarita+udátta=udátta; svarita+anudátta=svarita.

When anudátta vowels are pronounced with the udátta tone, this is called in the

Prátiśákhyas praćaya. When the accent of two vowels is blended into one, this is called praślishța, samávesa, ekíbháva. The expressions tairovyanjana and vaivṛitta are used to denote forms of the dependent svarita; while kshaipra and játya apply to the independent svaritas caused by the blending of the accents of two vowels, the first of which has passed into the semivowel y or v.

983. A few compound words (generally names of Vedic deities) have two accents, and are therefore called dvir-udátta, eg. बृह॒स्पति॑ः तनूनपा॑त्, where the first syllable being udátta remains unmarked, and the second being an-udátta ought to become a dependent svarita, but the third being udátta again the second becomes anudáttatara and is so marked. In fЯ both the second and third syllables are udátta. A compound (called trir-udátta) may even have three udátta syllables, as in इन्द्रावृहस्पती.

984. In the Pada text where compounds are divided, if the first half of the compound ends in a svarita coming after an udátta, and the second begins with an udátta, the svarita accent at the end of the first member of the compound is called táthábhávya.

985. Observe-The accent in Sanskrit is not confined to the last three syllables of a word, as in Greek and Latin.

Observe also-Although the Sanskrit independent svarita is in some respects similar to the Greek circumflex, it should be borne in mind, that the latter is confined to long, whereas the svarita may also be applied to short syllables *.

*See on the subject of Vedic accentuation, Roth's preface to the Nirukta; two treatises by Whitney in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. IV. p. 195 &c., and vol. V. p. 387 &c.: Aufrecht, de accentu compositorum Sanscriticorum, Bonnae, 1847; reviewed by Benfey, Göttinger Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1848, pp. 1995-2010.

(The numbers refer to the paragraphs, except where the page is specified.)

frequentatives,514; nouns, Numerals, 198-215; syntax

80. i.

Future, first and second,

386; formation of stem,
388; syntax of, 886, 887.
Genders of nouns, 89.
General tenses, 248, 363-456.
Hard consonants, 18. a. b,
20. b, 39,
Imperative, 241; termina-
tions of, 245, 246; forma-
tion of stem, 261,272,278,
283, 307, 330, 342, 349,
353, 356; syntax of, 882.
Imperfect tense, 242; for-
mation of stem, 261, 264,
272, 278, 283, 307, 330,
342, 349, 353, 356; syntax

of, 884.

Indeclinable words, 712;

syntax of, 912.
Indefinite pronouns, 228,229.
Indicative mood, 241.
Infinitive, 458, 459; syntax
of, 867; Vedic, 459. a,
867. b.

of, 206,835; compounded,

759.

Numerical figures, page 3.

Ordinals, 208.

283, 307, 330, 342, 349,

353, 356; syntax of, 873.
Pronominals, 235-240.

Pronouns, 216-234; syntax

of, 836.

Participial nouns of agency, Pronunciation, of vowels,

579-582.
Participles, present, 524-
529; past passive, 530-
552; past active, 553; of
the perfect, 554; past in-
declinable, 555-566; ad-
verbial indeclinable, 567;
future passive, 568-577;
of the 2nd future, 578;
syntax of, 892.
Particles, 717.
Passive verbs, 243. a, 461;
terminations of, 462; for-
mation of stem, 463; ex-
amples, 700-702.

II; of consonants, 12.
Prosody, 935-974.
Reduplication, 252, 367.
Relative pronouns, 226.
Root, 74, 75.

Sandhi, rules of, 27-71,
296-306.

Soft or sonant letters, 18. a.
b, 20. b, 39.

Special tenses, 241, 248, 249.
Stem, nominal, 74, 77; for-

mation of nominal, 79, 80-
87; inflexion of, 88-183;
verbal, 244; formation of
verbal, 249-517.

Patronymics, 80. xxxv, 81. Strong cases, 135. a.
viii-x, &c.

Perfect (reduplicated), 364-

384 (periphrastic), 385;
syntax of, 885.

Intensive verb, see Frequen- Persons of the tenses, 244.

tative.
Interjections, 732; syntax

of, 926.
Interrogative pronouns, 227.
Letters, 1; classification of,
18; interchange of letters
in cognate languages, 25;
euphonic combination of,

27.

Metre, schemes of, 935-974.
Moods, 241, 242. a.
Nominal verbs, 518-523.
Nouns, formation of stem,
74, 80-87; declension of,
103-183; defective, 184; |
syntax of, 802-823.
Numbers, 91, 243.

Possessive adjectives, 84. vi,
vii, 85. vi, viii; pronouns,
231.

Potential, 241; terminations

of, 245, 246; formation of
stem, 261, 272, 278, 283,
307, 330, 342, 349, 353,
356; syntax of, 879.
Precative, 242, 442; for-
mation of stem, 443-454;
syntax of, 890.
Prefixes, adverbial, 726.
Prepositions, 729, 783; syn-
tax of, 916.
Present, 241; terminations
of, 246, 247; formation
of stem, 261, 272, 278,

Strong forms in verbal ter-

minations, 246. c.
Suffixes, forming substan-
tives, adjectives, &c., 80-
87; adverbial, 718-725.
Superlative degree, 191, 192.
Surd consonants, 18. a. b,
20. b, 39.
Symbols, 6-10.
Syntax, 793-929.
Tables of verbs, 583.
Tenses, 241, 248.
Terminations, of nouns, 91,
96; of verbs, 244-248.
Verb, 241; syntax of, 839.
Voices, 243; roots restricted
to, 786.
Vowels, 1; method of writ-
ing, 2,3; pronunciation of,
II; combination of, 27.
Weak cases, 135. a.
Writing, method of, 26.

mutually,' 760. f. 'to eat,' 357. a, 696.

अर्थम् ' on account of,' 731, prefix, 726. b; prep., 730,

w or won account to stretch,' 385.