Sanskrit ú= Gr. v, = L. u; e. g. Sk. músh, músh-a-s, &c., ‘a mouse,' Gr. μõs,

L. mus.

Sanskrit ri, i. e. ar = Gr. p with a short vowel, = L. r with a short vowel; e. g. Sk. mṛi-ta-s, dead,' Gr. Bpo-tó-s (for μpo-τó-s or μop-тó-s), L. mor-tuu-s; Sk. mátribhyas, from mothers,' L. matribus; Sk. mátṛishu, 'in mothers,' Gr. unτpáσi. Sanskrit rí Gr. p with a vowel, = L. r with a vowel; e. g. Sk. dátṛín, acc. pl. of dátṛi, ‘a giver,' Gr. do-rñp-as, L. da-tor-es; Sk. mátṛís, L. matres.

=

སྣ

an

Sanskrit e Gr. al, El, Ol, = L. ai, é, oi, æ, œ, i, ú; e.g. Sk. veś-a-s, abode,' Gr. (F)oko-s, L. vicu-s; Sk. e-mi, 'I go,' Gr. ei-p; Sk. eva-s, 'going,' 'a course,' Gr. ai-wv, L. ævu-m.

Sanskrit ai = Gr. a, 7, 4,= L. e in certain inflexions; e. g. Sk. devyai, 'to goddess,' Gr. ea, L. deæ.

Sanskrit o= Gr. av, ev, ov, = L. au, o, u; e. g. Sk. gola-s, ʻa ball,' Gr. yavλó-s ;

a

Sanskrit au= Gr. av, yv,= L. au; e.g. Sk. nau-s, ‘a ship,' Gr. vaũs, vnus, L. navis, nauta, 'a sailor.'

Sanskrit k, kh, ć, ś, = Gr. K, = L. c, q; e. g. Sk. kravis, kravya-m, ʻraw flesh,' Gr. κpéas, kpeîov, L. cru-or, caro; Sk. khala-s, ‘a granary,' śálá, ‘a hall,' Gr. kaλiá, L. cella; Sk. ća, ‘and,' Gr. κal, L. -que.

Sanskrit g, j, Gr. y (B), = L. g (b); e. g. Sk. yug-a-m, 'a yoke,' Gr. Çvy-ó-v, L. jug-u-m ; Sk. jánu, ‘knee,' Gr. yóvv, L. genu; Sk. ajra-s, ‘a plain,' Gr. άypó-5, Lager; Sk. gau-s, 'a cow,' Gr. Bou-s, L. bos; Sk. guru-s, 'heavy,' Gr. Bapú-s, L. grav-i-s.

=

Sanskrit gh=Gr. X, L. g; e.g. Sk. rt. stigh, 'to ascend,' Gr oTeix-w, Tixos, L. ve-stig-ium; Sk. laghu-s, 'light,' Gr. λaxú-s.

=

Sanskrit ch = Gr. σK, L. sc; e. g. Sk. cháyá, 'shade,' Gr. Okιά; Sk. rt. éhid, 'to cleave,' Gr. oxi-w, oxid-n, L. scind-o.

=

Sanskrit t (th) = Gr. 7, = L. t; e. g. Sk. trayas, 'three,' Gr. Tpeis, L. tres. Sanskrit d = Gr. d, L. d; e. g. Sk. dam-a-s, a house,' Gr. dóμo-s, L. domu-s. Sanskrit dh=Gr. 6, L. initial f, non-initial d, b; e. g. Sk. da-dhá-mi, 'I place, Gr. Tí--; Sk. dhú-ma-s, 'smoke,' Gr. Ov-μó-s, L. fu-mu-s; Sk. údh-ar, ́udder,' Gr. ooap, L. uber; Sk. andh-as, 'food,' &c., Gr. ävß-os, L. ad-or. Sanskṛit p (ph) = Gr. ≈ (†), — L. p (ƒ); e. g. Sk. pitṛi, Gr. πaτýρ, L. pater; Sk. phulla-m, ‘a flower,' Gr. þúλλ‹-», L. foliu-m.

=

Sanskrit b= Gr. B (7), = L. b (ƒ); e.g. Sk. rt. lamb, 'to hang down,' L. lab-i ; Sk. budh-na-s, 'ground,' Gr. 9-μv, L. fundu-s; Sk. budh, 'to know,' Gr. πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-).

=

Sanskrit bh Gr. 4, L. initial ƒ, non-initial b; e. g. Sk. rt. bhṛi, bhar-á-mi, 'I bear,' Gr. pép-w, L. fer-o; Sk. nabh-as, 'vapour,' 'a cloud,' Gr. vép-os,

L. nub-e-s.

Sanskrit n, n,= Gr. Y before gutturals, L. n; e. g. Sk. an-ka-s, a hook,' Gr. άyk-wv, oуk-o-s, L. anc-u-s, unc-u-s; Sk. pañćan, 'five,' Gr. évτe, L. quinque.

Sanskrit n, n, = Gr. ",= L. n; e. g. Sk. nava-s, ‘new,' Gr. véc‐s, L. novu-s. Sanskrit m=Gr. μ, L. m; e. g. Sk. má-tri, a mother,' Gr. μn-Tηp, L. ma-ter. Sanskrit y = Gr.', (,= L. j; e. g. Sk. yakṛit, 'liver,' Gr. πаρ, L. jecur ; Sk. yug-a-m, Gr. Çvy-ó-v, L. jug-u-m.

Sanskrit r=Gr. p, λ,= L. r, l; e. g. Sk. rájan, ‘king,' L. rex (stem reg-); Sk. sara-s, whey,' Gr. opó-s, L. seru-m; Sk. rudh-i-ra-s, 'blood-red,' Gr. épub-pós, L. ruber, rufus; Sk. rt. śru, śravas, śru-ta-s, Gr. Kλé-os, KλU-Tó-, L. in-cly-tu-s. Sanskrit = Gr. λ, L. 1; e. g. Sk. rt. lú, lu-ná-mi, 'I cut,' Gr. Aú-w, L. re-lu-o, so-lv-o (for se-lu-o); Sk. lih (=rih), 'to lick,' Gr. λeix-w, λíx-vo-s, L. ling-o, lig-uri-o.

=

Sanskrit v=Gr. F (v), or disappears, = L. v (u); e. g. Sk. nava-s, 'new,' Gr. véFo‐s, i. e. véo-s, L. novu-s; Sk. vish-a-s, 'poison,' Gr. ¿-ó-s, L. vírus; Sk. dvi, 'two,' Gr. duo, L. duo.

Sanskrit s (for an original k) = Gr. «, = L. c, q; e. g. Sk. daśan, ‘ten,' Gr. déka, L. decem; Sk. aśva-s, a horse,' Gr. iππо-s, iкко-s, L. equu-s; Sk. śvá, ‘a dog,’ Gr. Ku-wv, L. can-is.

Sanskrit s, sh, = Gr. σ, ', disappears between two vowels, = L. s, changes to r between two vowels; e. g. Sk. asti, ‘he is,' Gr. éσtí, L. est; Sk. janas-as, ‘of a race,' Gr. yéve(o)-os, yévovs, L. gener-is; Sk. vish-as, 'poison,' Gr. i-ós, L. vir-us; Sk. shat, six,' Gr. e, L. sex.

=

Sanskrit h (for an original gh, sometimes for dh, and occasionally for bh) = Gr. X, K (sometimes), L. h, c, q; e. g. Sk. hi-ma-s, 'winter,' Gr. X-wv, L. hiems; Sk. hṛid-aya-m, 'the heart,' Gr. Kapd-ía, L. cor (stem cord-); Sk. han for ghan and dhan (in ja-ghán-a, ‘he killed;' ni-dhan-a, ‘death'), Gr. Oάv-atos; Sk. hita for dhita, 'placed' (fr. dhá, Gr. On), Gr. OETÓS.

THE INDIAN METHOD OF WRITING.

26. According to Hindú grammarians every syllable ought to end in a vowel *, except at the end of a clause or sentence, and every final consonant ought to be attracted to the beginning of the next syllable; so that where a word ends in a consonant, that consonant ought to be pronounced with the initial letter of the next word. Hence in some Sanskrit MSS. all the syllables are separated by slight spaces, and in others all the words are joined together without any separation. Thus the two words ásíd rájá would in some books be written and in others खासीद्राजा. . There seems little reason for considering the mere spaces left between the words of a sentence to be incompatible with the

* Unless it end in Anusvára or Visarga ḥ, which in theory are the only consonantal sounds allowed to close a syllable until the end of a sentence.

operation of euphonic laws. Therefore in some Sanskrit books printed in Roman type every uncompounded word capable of separation is separated, e. g. pitur dhanam ádatte; which is even printed in Deva-nágarí letters (by those scholars who allow an extension of the use of the mark called Viráma) thus, पितुर् धनम् खादते, for पितुर्धनमादत्ते.

The following words and passages in the Sanskrit and English character, are given that the Student, before proceeding further in the Grammar, may exercise himself in reading the letters and in transliteration.

To be turned into English letters.

अर्क, अज, अश, आस, आप, इल, इष, ईड, ईर, उख, उच, ऊह, ऋण, ऋज, एध, ओख, कण, कित, कुमार, क्षम, क्षिप, क्षुध, क्षै, क्लप, खन, खिद, गाह, गुज, गृध, गृ, घृण, घुष, चकास, चक्ष, चित, छिद, छो, जीवा, झष, टीका, ठः, डीनं, ढौक, खिद, तापः, तडागः, दया, दमकः, दशरथः, दुरालाप:, देव, धूपिका, धृतः, नटः, नील, नेम, परिदानम्, पुरुषस्, पौरः, पौरुषेयी, पुरोडाशः, बहुः, बालकस्, भोगः, भोजनम्, मुखम्, मृगः, मेदस्, मेदिनी, यकृत्, योगः, रेणु, रेचक, रै, रैवत, रुजा, रूपम्, रुरुदिषु, लोह, वामः, वैरम्, वैरम्, शक्, शौरः, षट्, साधुः, हेमकूट:, हेमन्.

To be turned into Sanskrit letters.

Ada, asa, ali, ádi, ákhu, ágas, iti, íśaḥ, íhá, udára, upanishad, uparodha, uru, úsha, rishi, eka, kakud, katu, koshah, gaura, ghata, taitya, tet, Chalam, jetri, jhiri, tagara, damara, dhála, nama, tatas, tathā, trina, tushára, deha, daitya, dhavala, nanu, nayanam, nidánam, pitri, bhauma, bheshajam, marus, mahat, yuga, rush, rúdhis, lauha, vivekas, satam, shodasan, sukhin, hridaya, tatra, adya, buddhi, arka, kratu, ansa, anka, anga, antala, anjana, kantha, anda, anta, manda, sampurna.

++

The following story has the Sanskrit and English letters interlined.

अस्ति हस्तिनापुरे विलासो नाम रजकः । तस्य गर्द

asti hastinápure viláso náma rajakaḥ tasya garda

भोऽतिभारवाहनाद् दुर्बलो मुमूर्षुर् अभवत् । ततस् तेन

bho 'tibháraváhanád durbalo mumúrshur abhavat tatas tena

रजकेनासौ व्याघ्रचर्मणा प्रच्छाद्यारण्यसमीपे शस्यक्षेत्रे

rajakenásau vyághraćarmaná praćéhádyáraṇyasamípe śasyakshetre

मोचितः । ततो दूराद् अवलोक्य व्याघ्रबुद्ध्या क्षेत्रप

moćitaḥ

tato dúrád avalokya vyághrabuddhyá kshetrapa

तयः सत्वरं पलायन्ते । अथ केनापि शस्यरक्षकेण धूसर

tayaḥ satvaram paláyante atha kenápi śasyarakshakeṇa dhúsara

कम्बलकृततनुचाणेन धनुः काण्डं सज्जीकृत्यावनतकायेन

kambalakritatanutránena dhanuḥkándam sajjíkṛityávanatakayena

एकान्ते स्थितम् । ततस् तं च दूरे दृष्ट्वा गर्दभः पुष्टाङ्गो

ekánte sthitam tatas tam ća dúre drishtvá gardabhaḥ pushṭángo

गर्दभीयमिति मत्वा शब्दं कुर्वाणस् तदभिमुखं धावितः ।

gardabhiyamiti matvá sabdam kurváņas tadabhimukham dhávitaḥ

ततस् तेन शस्यरक्षकेण गर्दभोऽयमिति ज्ञात्वा लीलयैव

tatas tena sasyarakshakeņa gardabho'yamiti jňátvá lílayaiva

व्यापादितः ॥

vyápáditah.

The following story is to be turned into Sanskrit letters.

Asti sríparvatamadhye brahmapurákhyam nagaram. Tatra sailasikhare ghaṇṭákarņo náma rákshasaḥ prativasatíti janapravádaḥ śrúyate. Ekadá ghaṇṭám ádáya paláyamánaḥ kaśćić ćauro vyághreṇa vyápáditaḥ. Tatpáṇipatitá ghanțá vánaraiḥ práptá. Te vánarás tám ghanțám anukshanam vádayanti. Tato nagarajanair manushyaḥ khádito drishtaḥ pratikshanam ghantárávaśća srúyate. Anantaram ghantákarṇaḥ kupito manushyán khádati ghanṭám ća vádayatítyu

ktvá janáḥ sarve nagarát paláyitáḥ. Tataḥ karálayá náma kuṭṭinyá vimṛiśya markaṭá ghanṭám vádayanti svayam vijňáya rájá vijňápitaḥ. Deva yadi kiyaddhanopakshayaḥ kriyate tadáham enam ghantákarṇam sádhayámi. Tato rájňá tushṭena tasyai dhanam dattam. Kuṭṭinyá ća mandalam kritvá tatra gaṇeśádigauravam darśayitvá svayam vánarapriyaphalányádáya vanam pravisya phalányákírnáni. Tato ghantám parityajya vánaráḥ phalásaktá babhúvuḥ. Kuṭṭini ta ghanṭám grihítvá nagaram ágatá sakalalokapújyábhavat.

CHAPTER II.

SANDHI OR EUPHONIC COMBINATION OF LETTERS.

We are accustomed in Greek and Latin to certain euphonic changes of letters. Thus for the perfect passive participle of reg-o (stem reg-) we have (not reg-tu-s but) rec-tu-s, the soft g being changed to the hard c before the hard t (cf. rex for reg-s). In many words a final consonant assimilates with an initial; thus σvv with yvwun becomes συγγνώμη; ἐν with λάμπω, ἐλλάμπω. Suppressus is written for subpressus; appellatus for adpellatus; immensus for inmensus; affinitas for adfinitas; offero for obfero, but in perfect obtuli; colloquium for conloquium; irrogo for inrogo. In English, assimilations of the same kind take place in pronunciation, though they are not always recognized in writing; thus cupboard is pronounced as if written cub-board, and blackguard as if written blagguard. These laws for the euphonic junction of letters are applied throughout the whole range of Sanskrit grammar; and that, too, not only in the interior of words when a stem is united with its terminations and suffixes, but in combining words in the same sentence. Thus, if the sentence 'Rara avis in terris' were Sanskrit, it would require, by the laws of Sandhi or combination, to be written Rarávirinsterriḥ. The learner is recommended, after learning the most common rules of combination, printed in large type, to pass at once to the declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs.