424.6;

with the B terminations is generally used for Par., but occurs

in Epic poetry), आप्, लिए, लुप, सृप, गम्, घस्.

423. The following of those inserting or rejecting i, enumerated at 415, take either the A or B terminations : तच् or तत्र्, वश्, मृज्, स्यन्द् generally Atm. only, सिघ्, वप् ātm., गुप्, क्लृप् ătm., तृप्, दूप् (the last three in Par. take also form II), क्षम् generally Atm. (may also follow form II in Par.), (or) Atm., 6, 7, TE, ME, ATE, JE.

by 297.b (see 630);

makes

424. The rules at 296-306 must in all cases be applied, as well as the special rules applicable to certain roots in forming the Futures at 390 and 390. a-o; thus, makes by 390. k (see 633); नश् in ātm., अनङ्क्ष or अनशिषि; भ्रज्ज्, अभ्राक्षम् or अभार्थम्, अभ्रक्ष or अभ िby or ਦਮ 390.9: मृज्, अमार्क्षम् by 390.j (also अमार्जिघम् ) ; नह्, अनात्सम् by 306. b. a. Atm. 'to go,' Atm. 'to awake,' Atm. 'to be born,' may form their 3rd sing. as if they were Passive verbs (see 475); thus, waft, Du. 3. Yअबोधि (or optionally अबुड), Du. 3. अभुत्साताम् ; सजनि (or optionally

त्साताम् ; अजनिष्ट).

b. Roots ending in and

अप

must change these letters to Anusvára before S, and म् becomes न् before ध्व; thus, मन् makes समंसि, समंस्थास्, समंस्त (or if in el. 8. समनिष्ट, or by c. below समत); छम् makes असि &c, Du. 2. अक्षन्ध्वम्.

(generally Par.) drops its nasal before the Atmane terminations (fa, WET, &c.; initial s being rejected according to 419).

गम् does so optionally (अगंसि or अगसि, अगंस्थास् or अगथास्, &c.)

c. Roots in and of cl. 8, which properly take the B terminations, are allowed an option of dropping the nasal in 2nd and 3rd sing. Atm., in which case initial s is rejected (419); e.g. तन् makes 3. सतनिष्ट or सतत ( Pán. II. 4, 79).

d. Similarly,

e.

makes 3.

fug or ww; and, fug or wå.

to give' is allowed the option of lengthening the a, when n is dropped; thus, Sing. 2. असाथास् or असनिष्ठास्, 3. असात or असनिष्ट. Compare 354. a, 339

(Páṇ. II. 4, 79).

f. The nasal of

'to bite' becomes before

and before ; thus,

खदाङ्खम्, Du. 2. अदांष्टम्; Atm 1. अदह्नि, Du 2. अदण्ड्ढम् See 303.

425. to carry' (see 611) changes its radical vowel too before those terminations which reject an initial s by 305. a; thus, aváksham, avákshís, avákshít (Lat. vexit), avákshva, avoḍham, &c.; Atm. avakshi (Lat. vexi), avoḍhás, avoḍha. a. Atm., to bear,' generally takes the B terminations (asahishi, &c.), though the form is also given for the 3rd sing.

426. to tie,' 'to fasten,' makes anátsam, anátsís, anátsít, anátsva, anáddham, &c.; and Atm. anatsi, anaddhás, &c., by 306. b (compare 183).

a. to dwell' (see 607) makes avátsam, &c., by 304. a.

427. General rule for forming the stem for those verbs of the first nine classes which assume i, and so take the B terminations at 418.

a. If a root end in the vowels i, § í, 3 u, Kú, Hri, чrí, vriddhi those vowels in the Parasmai before all the terminations, and gunate them in the Atmane.

Thus, from to purify' come the two stems apau for Parasmai and apo for Atmane (apau+i+sam=faq by 37, apau+i+ís=919A, apau+i+ít= , &c.; Atm. apo+i+si=aufafa, &c., by 36), see 583.

From cl. 1, 'to cross,' comes the stem atár for Parasmai (atár +i+sam= अतारिपम्, &c.) So, from

'to lie down' comes

fafa, anfagra, &c.; but roots ending

in any other vowel than ú and long ṛí more frequently take the A terminations, as they generally reject i.

b. If a root end in a single consonant, gunate the radical vowel in both Parasmai and Atmane (except as debarred at 28, and except in the roots enumerated at 390. a).

Thus, q budh, cl. 1, 'to know,' makes its stem abodh (abodhisham, &c.) See 583. vrit, to be,' makes avart (avartishi, &c.)

Tч edh, 'to increase,' makes aidh (aidhishi, &c., 251.b). See 600.

428. A medial a in roots ending in and

Parasmai, but not in Atmane.

is lengthened in

Thus, चर् ‘to go’ makes अचारिषम्; ज्चल् 'to blaze,' सज्जालिषम् . The roots to speak' and 'to go' also lengthen the a in Parasmai (fen; but

not in Atmane अवदिषि &c.)

a. But those in,,never lengthen the a in Parasmai; thus, to sound' makes fa. The following roots also are debarred from lengthening

the a:

कख्, कग्, रग्, लग्, सग्, स्थग्, हूग्, द्वग्, कट्, क्षण, चत्, क्वथ्, पथ्, मथ्, चद्, बध्, श्वस्, हस्. One or two do so optionally; as, कण् and नद् 'to sound. '

429. Observe, that as the majority of Sanskrit verbs assume i, it follows that rule 427. a. b. will be more universally applicable than rule 420, especially as the former applies to the Aorist of Intensives, Desideratives, and Nominals, as well as to that of simple verbs.

430. The special rules for the two Futures at 390. a-o will of course hold good for the Aorist; thus the roots enumerated at 390 and 390. a ( &c.) forbid Guņa; and,,, generally change their finals to uv (fa

अकुचिषम्

&c.,

&c., see 421. f, and y

ऊर्णु makes और्णविषम् or और्ण विषम् or सौर्णुविषम् &c., and in Atmane और्णविषि atyfafa.

a.

or

b. According to 390. C. दीधी, वेवी, and दरिद्रा drop their finals (अदीधिषि, सदरिद्रिपम्, &c. ; see also 433).

431. In the Atmane,

'to choose,' 'to cover,' and all roots in long rí, such

as स्तृ ‘to spread,’ may optionally lengthen the inserted i; thus, अवरिधि or अवरोषि &c., अस्तरिषि or अस्तरोषि ; but in Parasmai only अवारिषम्, अस्तारिषम् .

432.

'to swell' and

'to awake' take Guna instead of Vriddhi (fqu

&c., see also 440. a; HAINFTYR &c.)

a. ग्रह् according to 399.a. makes अग्रहीषम्, and by 390. m. गुह् makes अगूहिपम्. The latter also conforms to 439 and 439. b.

See 609.

(wafuun &c.), but see 422.b.

e, o, and

433. Many roots in á, e, o, and ai, with three in ♬ m, viz. TO̟ yam, Tram, Anam, assume i, but in the Parasmai insert s before it; final ai, being changed toá; thus, from f¤, &c. (see 644); from शो ‘to sharpen,' अशासिपम्, &c.; from यम् ' to restrain,' अयंसिपम्, &c. 'to be poor' makes adaridrisham or adaridrásisham, &c.

'to go' comes

434. In the Atmane these roots reject the i and the s which precedes it, and follow 418; thus, from 'to measure' comes fя, &c. (see 664. a); from ' to cover,' अव्यासि (see 421.c); from रम् 'to sport,' सरंसि अरंस्थास्, सरस्त, &c.

436. No confusion arises from the similarity which this form bears to the Imperfect, as in all cases where the above terminations are used for the Aorist, the Imperfect presents some difference in the form of its stem; thus, 'to go' makes agaććham for its Impf., agamam for its Aor. (see 602); fœto break' makes abhinadam for its Impf., abhidam for its Aor. (see 583). So again, cl. 6, which alone can shew a perfect identity of root and stem, never makes use of this form for its Aorist, unless by some special rule the stem of its Imperfect is made to differ from the root; thus, f 'to smear' (cf. áλeípw), which makes alipam in Aor., is alimpam in its Impf.; see 281. (So in Gr., cf. Impf. λov with 2nd Aor. ἔλιπον; ἐλάμβανον with ἔλαβον; ἐδάμνην with ἔδαμον, &c.)

Obs. This form of the Sanskrit Aorist corresponds to Gr. 2nd Aor. (cf. asthám, asthás, asthát, with eσTηy, čσTηs, čσTN), and the first form is more or less analogous to the 1st Aor. The substitution of i for e, and áthám, átám, for ethám, etám, in Atm. of forin II, is confined to a class of roots mentioned at 439.

437. Rule for forming the stem in verbs of the first nine classes. Prefix the augment, and as a general rule attach the terminations directly to the root.

Thus, in agamam &c., abhidam &c., see 436. So also, to perish' makes अनशम् (also अनेशम्, see 441, 424 ).

a. Observe, however, that most of the roots which follow this form in Par.,

follow form I at 418 in Atm.; thus, feto break' makes abhitsi, &c., in Atm.; see the table at 583: similarly, fato cut,' see 667. And a few roots, which are properly restricted to Atm., have a Parasmai Aorist of this 2nd form; thus, Atm. 'to shine,' 'to be pleasing,' makes Par. arućam, as well as Atm. aroćishi.

b. One or two roots in Iá, i, and T e reject their finals; and one or two in ri andri gunate these vowels before the above terminations; thus, to tell' makes अख्यम् &c., अख्ये &c. ; श्वि 'to swell,' अश्वम्; हे 'to call' makes चह्नम् (see 595); 'to go,' ; 'to go,'

c.

to grow old,'

to see' gunates its vowel (Я, see 604).

d. Penultimate nasals are generally dropped; thus,

to stop' makes

.

स्यन्द् ‘to distil,’ अस्यदम् ; स्कन्द 'to mount,' अस्कदम्; भ्रंश् 'to fall,' अभ्रशम् .

e. A form

occurs in the Veda, from

to eat,' the medial a being dropped.

ending in long á and e con

438. In the Parasmai certain roots form still more closely to the terminations of the Imperfect, rejecting the initial vowel, as indicated by the brackets in the table at 435In the 3rd pl. they take us for an.

Thus, cl. 3, 'to give,' makes adám, adás, adát, adáva, &c.; 3rd pl. adus, see 663. So also, I cl. 3, 'to place,' makes adhám, &c., 664; and I cl. 1, 'to stand,' makes asthám, &c., 587.

a. Similarly, cl. 1, 'to be,' except 1st sing. and 3rd pl. (wy44, why, TU, , &c.; but 3rd pl.

7, see 585).

b. Observe, however, that some roots in á, like yá, 'to go,' follow 433.

c. And some roots ine and o, which follow 433, optionally follow 438; in which case e and o are changed as before to á; thus, dhe, cl. 1, 'to drink,' makes either adhásisham &c., or adhám &c., also adadham, see 440. a; come to an end,' makes either asásisham or asám, see 613.

so, cl. 4, ‘to

d. In the Atmane-pada, roots like I, I, I,,, follow 421. d. e. 'to go' makes its Aorist from a root ; thus, agám, agás, &c. Note-Adadám, Impf. of dá, 'to give,' bears the same relation to its Aor. adám that didwy does to dwv. So also the relation of adhám (Aor. of dhá, 'to place') to adadhám (Impf.) corresponds to that of conv to etíonv. Cf. also abhavas and abhús with epues and epus.

439. Certain roots ending in §, sh, h, enclosing a medial i, u, or ri, form their Aorists according to form II at 435; but whenever confusion is likely to arise between the Imperfect and Aorist, s is prefixed to the terminations, before which sibilant the final of the root becomes k by 302 and 306.

Thus, दि‍ 'to point out, the Impf. of which is अदिशम्, makes अदिक्षम् &c. in Aor. (cf. Gr. 1st Aor. deta). Similarly, fa cl. 2, 'to hate,' makes adviksham &c., 657;cl. 2, 'to milk,' makes adhuksham &c., by 306. a. See 660.

a. This class of roots substitutes i for e, and áthám, átám, for ethám, etám, in

Atmane terminations; thus, adikshi, adikshathús, adikshata, adikshávahi, adiksháthám, &c.; 3rd pl. adikshanta.

b. A few roots inh (viz. fœE, FEE, JE, F) optionally in the Atmane reject the initial a from the terminations of the 2nd and 3rd sing., 1st du., and 2nd pl.; thus, f may make fmfa, umiera, amis; Du. 1. afsafe; Pl. 2. amiga,

661: and to milk,' wyfą, agua, &c. See 661, 659, 609, 660. ' अटुग्धास्,

दुह

c. According to some authorities, a few roots (e. g. 7, 7, 4) which generally follow form I, A, in Atmane, may optionally conform to form II, taking the terminations i, áthám, átám, rejecting initial a and á from the other terminations, and taking ata for anta; thus, atṛipi, atṛipthús, atṛipta, atṛipvahi, &c.

440. Causal verbs and verbs of cl. 10 make use of form II, but the stem assumes both reduplication and augment (as in the Greek Pluperfect); thus, cl. 1, 'to know,' makes in the Causal Aorist बुध् wag, &c. This will be explained at 492.

a. A few Primitive verbs besides those of cl. 10 take a reduplicated stem, analogous to Causals (see 492).

Thus, fto resort to' makes f&c.; f'to swell' makes f

(also अश्वम् and अश्वयिषम्, see 432, 437. b); द्रुcl. 1, 'to run,' अदुद्रुवम्; स्रु'to flow,' असुस्रुवम्; धे ‘to drink,’ अदधम्; कम् ' to love,' अचकमे, &c. This last is defective when it belongs to cl. 1, having no Special tenses; but when it belongs to cl. 10 (Pres. कामये, &c.) its Aorist is अचीकमे.

441. The following Primitive verbs take a contracted form of reduplicated stem: वच् cl. 2, ‘to speak,' makes अवोचम् avocam (from अवउचम् for अववचम् (650) ; पत् cl. 1, 'to fall,' (from ; compare Gr. τov); cl. 2, 'to rule,' अशिपम् (from अशिशसम्, but the Atmane follows 427; see 658) ; अस् cl. 4, ' to throw,' आस्थम् (from आससम्, contracted into आथ्सम् for आत्सम् 304.a, whence by transposition आस्थम्); नश् cl. 4, ' to perish,' अनेशम् (from अनइपम् for अननिशम् ). See 620, 436.

442. The terminations of this tense resemble those of the Potential in the scheme at 245. In 2nd and 3rd sing. they are identical. In the other persons of the Parasmai a sibilant is inserted, and in some of the Atmane, both prefixed and inserted. In 2nd pl. Atm. síḍhvam is used for sídhvam when immediately preceded by any other vowel but a or á, and optionally ishiḍhvam for ishídhvam when immediately preceded by a semivowel or h. The only difference between the Potential

C C