a. Similarly, ní, ‘to lead' (1. 3. nináya; Du. 1. ninyiva. Atm. 1. ninye, &c.); lí (Du. 1. lilyiva; Atm. 1. lilye).

and

b. f ji, 'to conquer,' makes its stem faf, as if from gi (1. 3. fama; Du. 1. fafa, &c. See 590).

fa hi, 'to go,' 'to send,' makes faf, as if from ghi (1. 3. farra).

d. Atm. 'to sink,' 'to decay,' makes its stem feel throughout; thus, 1. 3. fecta, 2. feetfaù, &c.

4,

e. But roots ending in i orí, and having a double initial consonant, change i or í toiy before all terminations, except those of the sing. Parasmai; hence, from fcl. 1, 'to resort to,' come the three stems siśrai, śiśre, and śiśriy (1. 3. fganu, 2. fgrafua; Du. 1. fyfafua, &c.) So at cl. 9, ‘to buy' (1. 3. 2. चिक्रयिथ or fचक्रेथ; Du. 1. चिक्रियिव, &c. See 689 ). ƒ. fæ śvi, ‘to swell,' like at 373. e, forms its stem as if from π, but only optionally ; thus, 1. 3. शिश्वाय or शुशाव, 2. शिश्वेष or शिष्वयिय or शुशोच or शुशविष्य. g. And all roots ending in Ju or Jú change u or ú to Juv before the terminations of the du. and pl. Parasmai and the whole Atmane (except of course,, ,, in the persons marked with * at 246; and except 'to be,' see i. below); thus, fr. Y dhú, to shake,' come the stems dudhau, dudho, and dudhuv (1.3. Gu, दुधविथ or दुधोय; ; Du. 1. gyfaa. Atm. 1. 3.). Similarly, u, Atm. to दुधुविव. sound,’ makes 1. 3. ऊवे, 2. ऊविषे.

2.

h. But श्रु makes 1. 3. शुश्राव 2. शुश्रोथ; Du. 1. शुश्रुव, 2. शुश्रुवथुस्. Atm. 1. 3. शुश्रुवे; and similarly, स्तु, दु, and स्रु sru.

So

i. 'to be' is anomalous, and makes its stem throughout; see 585, 586. to bring forth' makes in the Veda HHT.

सू

j. to cover' (although properly requiring the periphrastic form of Perfect, see 385) is reduplicated into. In the 2nd sing. it may reject Guņa; thus, ऊर्णुनविथ or ऊर्णुनुविथ, 3rd sing. ऊर्णुनाव; Du. 1. ऊर्णुनुविव, 3. ऊर्णुनुवतुस् ; Pl. 3. ऊर्णुनुवुस्.

and 3rd sing.

k. Roots ending in ri, preceded by a double consonant, and most roots in long rí, instead of retaining this vowel and changing it to r by 364. d, gunate it into ar in the 2nd sing., and throughout the whole tense, except the 1st (and even in the 1st there may be optionally Guna by 368); e. g. smṛi, to remember,' 1. sasmára or sasmara, 2. sasmartha, 3. sasmára; Du. 1. sasmariva, &c. Atm. 1. 3. sasmare.

1. But dhri, to hold,' not being preceded by a double consonant, makes regularly 1. Sing. Du. Pl. दधार, दधिव, दधिम.

m.

to fill,' to injure,' and to rend,' may optionally retain ṛí, changeable tor; thus, Du. qufca or afya.

n. ri, 'to go,' takes Vriddhi, and makes its stem ar throughout; thus, 1. 3. WIT, 2. Wifty; Du. 1. afta.

o. Atm. 'to die,' although properly Atmane, is Parasmai in Perfect; thus, 1. 3. ममार, 2. ममर्थ.

p. to awake,' which properly takes the periphrastic form of Perfect (IP, see 385), may also take the reduplicated form, and may optionally drop the reduplicated syllable; thus, 1. 3. जजागार or जागार, 2. जजागरिथ or जागरिथ (370. a).

q. गॄ‘to swallow' may optionally change र् to ल्; thus, नगार or जगाल.

r. to pass' follows 375. a, as if it were ; thus, 1. 3. mt, 2. Àfca; Du. 1. afta.

s.

ज् 'to grow old' optionally follows 375.0 (3. जजार, 2 जजरिथ or जेरिथ; Du. 3. जर्जरतुस् or

जेरतुस्).

375. We have already seen, at 364, that roots beginning with any consonant and ending with a single consonant, and enclosing shorta, lengthen this vowel in the 3rd sing. and optionally in the 1st; as, fr. pać, to cook,' papáć ;

fr. tyaj, 'to quit,' tatyáj (1. 3. tatyája, 2. tatyajitha or tatyaktha; Du. 1. tatyajiva, &c.)

a. Moreover, before itha and in du. and pl. Parasmai, and all persons of the Atmane, if the initial as well as the final consonant of the root be single, and if the root does not begin with, and does not require a substituted consonant in the reduplication, the reduplication is suppressed, and, to compensate for this, the a is changed to e*; thus, from pać come the stems papáć, papać, and

peć (1. papáća or papaća, 2. pećitha or papaktha by 296, 3. papáća; Du. 1. pećiva. Atm. 1. 3. peće, &c.) Similarly, from labh, cl. 1, Atm. 'to obtain' (cf. λaμBáva, čλaßov), the stem lebh throughout (lebhe, lebhishe, lebhe, lebhivahe, &c.) Sonah, 'to bind,' makes 1. nanáha or nanaha, 2. nehitha or nanaddha by 305, 3. nanáha; Du. 1. nehiva, &c. Atm. nehe, &c.

Similarly, nas, 'to perish,' 1. nanáśa or nanasa, 2. nesitha or nananshṭha (x), 3. nanása, &c.: see 620, 370. g.

b. Roots that require a substituted consonant in the reduplication are excepted from 375. a (but not bhaj and the phal, see g. below); thus,

to speak'

makes 1. 3. Tw; Du. 1. exfua. c. वच् ' to speak,' वद् 'to say,' वप् 'to sow,' व‍ 'to wish,' वस् 'to dwell,' वह 'to carry,' beginning with v, are also excepted. These require that the reduplicated syllable be 3u, or the corresponding vowel of the semivowel, and also change va of the root to u before every termination, except those of the sing. Parasmai, the two u's blending into one long ú; thus, fr. Tvać, to speak,' come the two stems al uváć and úć (1. uváća or uvaća, 2. uvaćitha or uvaktha, 3. uváća ;

Du. 3. úćatus; Pl. 3. úćus).

Obs.-This change of a semivowel to its corresponding vowel is called Samprasárana by native grammarians (Páņ. I. 1, 45).

d. vah, 'to carry,' changes the radical vowel too before tha (see 305. a), optionally substituted for itha (1. 3. उवाह, 2. उवहिथ or उवोढ). Compare 424. Obs.- vam, to vomit,' is excepted from 375. c (thus, 3. vaváma, vavamatus,

Bopp deduces forms like peciva, from papaćiva, by supposing that the second p is suppressed, the two a's combined into á, and á weakened into e.

vavamus, Páņ. vi. 4, 126); it may also, according to Vopadeva, follow 375. a (3. vaváma, vematus, vemus).

e. yaj, 'to sacrifice,' is excepted from 375. a, and follows the analogy of 375. c (1. 3. iyája; Du. 3. íjatus ; Pl. 3. íjus): the 2nd sing. is f4 or 348 by 297; Atmane 1. 3. §À, 2. §fЯù, see 597. Yej is allowed optionally in the weak forms, and optionally in 2nd sing., especially in the Veda.

ƒ. No ́to injure' and ¿ शशसिव, दददिव हे).

Atm. ‘to give' are excepted from 375. a (NNA,

g. भज् ‘to honour,' श्रथ् 'to loosen,' तप् 'to be ashamed,' फल् ‘to bear fruit,’ necessarily conform to 375. a, although properly excepted (thus, fa, fa,

&c.) The following conform to 375. a. optionally:

to sound,'

'to go,'

to sound,' (according to some) 'to wander,' to vomit,' and (according to some) स्तम् and स्यम् 'to sound,' त्रस् ‘to tremble' (thus, पफणिथ or फेणिथ,

पफणिव or फेणिव, &c.)

h. The following also conform optionally to 375. a:

loosen,'

to tie,' to to deceive;' and, when they do so, drop their nasals (thus, ufqu or ग्रेथिय, जग्रन्थुस् or ग्रेथुस्).

i. The following, although their radical vowel is long, also conform optionally to 375. a: राज्, भ्राज् Atm., भ्राश, and लाश, all meaning to shine' (रराजिव रेजिव, &c.)

j., when it signifies 'to injure,' necessarily conforms to 375.a (2. ; Du. 1. रेधिव, 3. रेधतुस्; Pl. 3. रेधुस् ) .

do so. See 374.r. s.

khan, 'to dig,' and han, ghan), drop the medial a

'to kill' (which last forms its Perfect as if from before all the terminations, except those of the sing. Par. (cf. the declension of rájan at 148). Hence, gam makes in sing. du. pl. 3. jagáma, jagmatus, jagmus ; jan makes jajána, jajňatus, jajňus; khan makes ćakhána, ćakhnatus, ćakhnus; and han makes 1. 3. jaghána, jaghnatus, jaghnus, 2. jaghanitha or jaghantha.

377. ghas, to eat,' is analogous, making jaghása, jakshatus, jakshus; Du. 1. jakshiva. See 44 and 70. And in the Veda some other roots follow this analogy; thus, पत्‘to fall’ (पमिव &c.); तन् 'to stretch' (तनिषे &c.); भस् 'to eat' (बप्सिव &c.)

378. to adhere,' 'to embrace,' and 'to bite,' can optionally drop their nasals in du. pl. Parasmai and all the Atmane; thus, ससजिव or ससञ्जिव, सस्वजे or सखच्चे.

379. to perish' and Atm. 'to yawn' may insert a nasal before vowelterminations (ररन्ध, ररन्धिय or ररह ; Du. 1. ररन्धिव or रेव, see 371 : 1. 3. जजम्भे). 1.3. 380. मृज् 'to clean' makes its stem in sing. Parasmai, and may do so before the remaining terminations (1. 3. ममार्ज, 2. ममार्जिथ or ममाठे ; Du. 1. ममार्जिव or ममृजिव or ममृज्य, see 651 ).

381. प्र् prach, ‘to ask,' makes its stem पप्रछ् * (becoming पप्रच्छ before a vowel

*This rests on Siddhánta-kaum. 134. Some grammarians make the stem in du. and pl. &c. q.

by 51) throughout; see 631. bhrajj, cl. 6, 'to fry,' makes either throughout. See 632.

a.

or

'to go' gunates the radical vowel throughout; thus, 1. 3. , 2. आनर्द्धिय; Du. 1. चानर्द्धिव.

382. स्वप् svap, 'to sleep,' makes its bases सुष्वाप् and सुषुप्. See 655.

make their reduplicated syllable vi; and the first two roots change vya to vi before all the terminations, except the sing. Parasmai; thus, from vyadh comes sing. du. pl. 3. famu, fafauga, fafaya; Atm. fafa, &c.: from vyać, fa, fafaaga, fafaga: from vyath, fa, fa, faafu. See 615 and 629.

a.

cl. 1. Atm., to shine,' makes its reduplicated syllable di (1. 3. didyute). 384. ग्रह grah, el. 9, 'to take,' makes its stem जग्राह and जगृह् (S. Du. Pl. 3. जग्राह, जगृहतुस्, जगृहुस् ). But sing. 2. जग्रहिथ. See 699.

a. to conceal' lengthens its radical vowel instead of gunating it in the sing. Parasmai, जुगूह, जुगूहिष, &c.

b. ah, 'to say' (only used in Perf.), is defective in sing. du. pl. 1. and pl. 2, and forms 2nd sing. from सत् ( 2. सात्य, 3. आह ; Du. 2. आहथुस्, 3. वाहतुस्; Pl. 3. आहुस्).

C. to say' has no Perfect of its own, but substitutes either that of (375. c) or the above forms from E. Again, to eat' has a Perfect of its own, but may substitute that of to drive' (ago) may substitute

that of aì.

377. Similarly,

Periphrastic Perfect.

before two consonants, 367.6),

385. Roots which begin with a vowel, long by nature or position (except the vowel, as in to obtain, 364. a, and in 'to আন্ত্ stretch;' and roots having an initial and all roots of more than one syllable (except 'to cover,' 374.j; and except optionally to awake,' 374.p, and efɩɩ ‘to be poor, 373. a), form their Perfects by adding ám to the root or stem (which generally gunates its last vowel if ending in i, u, ri, short or long), and affixing the Perfect of one of the auxiliary verbs, 'to be;' bhú, 'to be;' kri, 'to do.'

as,

a. This ám may be regarded as the acc. case of a feminine abstract noun formed from the verbal stem. With it becomes or in by 59. Thus, 1, 'to rule,' makes 1st and 3rd sing. ईशामास or ईशानभूव or ईशाञ्चकार ; the last might be translated ‘he made ruling,' and in the former cases the acc. may be taken adverbially. So also,, 'to shine,' makes he made

shining.'

Аа

Obs.-The stem with ám may sometimes be separated from the auxiliary verb; e. g. ♬ qayi agafirst he caused him to fall' (Raghu-v. 1x. 61), and प्रभ्रंशयां यो नघुषं चकार (Raghu-v. xIII. 36 ).

b. When the Atmane inflexion has to be employed, only is used; thus, Atm., 'to praise,' makes 1st and 3rd sing.

'he made praising or praised.'

c. Roots of cl. 10 also form their Perfect in this way, the syllable ám blending with the final a of the stem; thus, from t ćur, cl. 10, 'to steal,' ćorayámása, 'I have or he has stolen.'

d. Also all Derivative verbs, such as Causals, Desideratives, and Frequentatives. See 490, 504, 513, 516.

day, Atm. 'to pity;'

e. Also the rootsay, 'to go;' ás, Atm. 'to sit;'kás, to cough,' 'to shine' ( &c.); see Páņ. III. 1, 37. 35. And optionally the roots भी bht, cl. 3, 'to fear' (विभाय or बिभयाचकार ) ; ही hrí, cl. 3, ‘to be ashamed' (जिह्वाय or जियाञ्चकार); भृ bhri, cl. 3, ‘to bear' (बभार or विभराञ्चकार); हु hu, cl. 3, 'to sacrifice' (जुहाव or जुहवाञ्चकार ) ; विद् vid, el. 2, 'to know' (विवेद or विदाञ्चकार); उष् ush, el. 1, 'to burn ' ( उवोष or ओोषाचकार ).

f. The roots कम् Atm., गुप्, धूप, वि, पण, पन्, whose peculiarity of conjugational form is explained at 271, and Atm. 'to blame,' may optionally employ a Periphrastic Perfect, not derived from the root, but from the conjugational stem; thus, चकमे or कामयाच्चक्रे, जुगोप Or गोपायाच्चकार, दुधूप or धूपायाञ्चकार, विविच्छ or विच्छायाञ्चकार, पेणे or पणायाञ्चकार (according to Vopa-deva पणायाञ्चक्रे), पेने or पनायाञ्चकार, आनर्त or ऋतीयाञ्चक्रे.

or

g. Observe-Stems ending in i, u, or ri, short or long, are generally gunated before ám ; but दीधी 'to shine' and वेवी 'to go make दीध्याचक्रे, वेव्याञ्चक्रे, &c.

386

First and Second Future.

Terminations of First Future repeated from 246.

Terminations of Second Future repeated from 246.

syámi syávas syámas sye

syávahe

syámahe