68; नवर्षाष्ट or ऊनसप्तति 69; सप्तति 70; एकसमति 71; द्विसप्तति or द्वासप्तति 72; विसप्तति or वयःसप्तति 73; चतुःसप्रति 74; पञ्चसप्तति 75; षट्सप्रति 76; सप्तसप्तति 77; अष्टसप्तति or अष्टासमति 78 ; नवसप्तति or ऊनाशीति 79; अशीति 80; एकाशीति 81; द्वाशीति 82; त्र्यशीति 83; चतुरशीति 84; पञ्चाशीति 85; घडशीति 86 ; सप्ताशीति 87; अष्टाशीति 88; नवाशीति or जननवति 89; नवति 90; एकनवति 91; द्विनवति or द्वानवति 92 ; विनवति or वयोनवति 93 ; चतुर्नवति 94; पञ्चनवति 95; षण्णवति 96 (43) ; सप्तनवति 97; अष्टनवति or अष्टानवति 98; नवनवति or ऊनशत n. (m.) 99; शत n. (also m.*) or एकं शतम् 100; एकशत n. 101; द्विशत n. 102; त्रिशत 103; चतुःशत 104 ; पञ्चशत 105; षट्शत 106 ; सप्तशत 107 ; अष्टशत 108; नवशत 109; दशशत 110; द्विशतम् (nom. sing. n.) or द्वे शते ( nom. du. n.) or शते ( nom. du. n.) 200; विशतम् (nom. sing. n.) or त्रीणि शतानि ( nom. pl. n.) 300 ; चतुःशतम् or चत्वारि शतानि (nom. pl. n.) 400 ; पञ्चशतम् or पञ्च शतानि 500; षट्शतम् or षट् शतानि 600 ; and so on up to सहस्र n. (also m.) 1000, which is also expressed by एकं सहस्रम् or by दश शतानि or by दशशती f.; द्वे सहस्रे 2000; तोणि सहस्राणि 3000 ; चत्वारि सहस्राणि 4000, &c.†

199. The intervening numbers between 100 and 1000, those between 1000 and 2000, and so on, may be expressed by compounding the adjective fra adhika (or occasionally a uttara), 'more,' 'plus,' with the cardinal numbers ; thus ro1 is एकशतम् (see above) or एकाधिकं शतम् (or occasionally एकोत्तरं शतम् ), i. e. 'a hundred plus one,' or compounded thus, एकाधिकशतम्. Similarly, द्वाधिकं शतम् or द्यधिकशतम् 102 ; त्र्यधिकं शतम् or त्र्यधिकशतम् 103; समाधिकं शतम् or सतोत्तरं शतम् 107; त्रिंशदधिकशतम् 130; पञ्चाशदधिकशतम् 150 (also expressed by सार्धशतम् — one hundred and a half'); षडूिंशत्यधिकद्विशतम् 226 ; त्र्यशीत्यधिकत्रिशतम् 383; पष्चाशीत्यधिकचतुःशतम् 485; षण्णवत्यधिक पञ्चशतम् 596 ; षट्षष्ट्यधिकपद्शतम् 666 ; ; षष्ट्यधिकसहस्रम् or षष्ट्युत्तरसहस्रम् 1060; षोडशशतम् or षट्शताधिकसहस्रम् 1600; षट्षष्ट्यधिकषोडशशतम् 16667.

* I have found शतं शता: '& hundred hundred' and सप्तशता: ' seven hundred ' (agreeing with TUT:) in the Mahá-bhárata.

+ चतु:सहस्रम् is used in Rig-veda V. 30, 15 for 4000; and on the same principle तिसहस्रम् might stand for 3000, and द्विसहस्रम् for 2000, &c. ; but it is a question whether these might not also stand for 1004, 1003, 1002 respectively.

‡ Similarly 2130 may be expressed by त्रिंशदधिकैकविंशतिशतम् or -शतानि or by using पर; thus, त्रिंशदधिकैकशतपरे द्वे सहस्रे Other forms of expressing numerals are also found ; e.g. 21, 870 सहस्राण्येकविंशतिः शतान्यष्टौ भूयश्च सप्ततिः; 109,350 शतसहस्रं नव सहस्राणि पञ्चाशच्छतानि वीणि. According to Pán. vI. 3, 76, एकान्न may be prefixed to a number in the sense ‘by one not, ' 'less by one;' eg. एकानविंशति ' by one not twenty,' ‘one less than twenty,' i. e. 19.

In the same way the adjective 'less,' 'minus,' is often placed before a cardinal number, to denote one less than that number, one' being either expressed or understood; thus, ऊनविंशति or एकोनfarf 'twenty minus one' or 'nineteen' (cf. Lat. undeviginti, i. e. unus de viginti). And other cardinals, besides one,' are sometimes prefixed to, to denote that they are to be subtracted from a following number ; as, पञ्चोनं शतम् or पञ्चोनशतम् 'a hundred less five ’ or 'ninety-five.'

a. Again, the ordinals are sometimes joined to the cardinals to express 111 and upwards; thus, एकादशं शतम् or एकादशशतम् 111; पञ्चदशं शतम् 115; विंशं शतम् 120; त्रिंशं शतम् or त्रिंशशतम् 130; पचाशं शतम् 150; चतुर्णवतं शतम् 194; पञ्चदशं द्विशतम् 215; विंशं सहस्रम् or विंशसहस्रम् 1020.

b. There are single words for the highest numbers; thus, yɩ n. (also m.) ́ten thousand;'n. or alf. or fayan. (also m.) ‘a lac,' ́one hundred thousand ’ (Mac); uya n. (also m.) 'one million;' af f. 'a krore,' 'ten millions;’ शतसहस्र प्रयुत m. n.ʻone hundred millions;' m. n. or ч n. or n. ' one thou

अर्बुद

कोटि

sand millions;'n. 'ten thousand millions;' fan. 'one hundred thousand

millions;' 14 n. ‘a billion ;' IF m. (or In.) 'ten billions;' Fm. n. or समुद्र m. a hundred billions;' महाशङ्ख m. n. or अन्य 'a thousand billions ;' हाहा m. or मध्य 'ten thousand billions;' महाहाहा m. or परार्ध m. one hundred thousand billions;' धुन n. (धुल ) ' one million billions; ' महाधुन n. ( महाधुल ) ' ten million billions ;' अक्षौहिणी f. 'one hundred million billions;' महाक्षौहिणी 'one thousand

million billions."

Note-Some variation occurs in some of the above names for high numbers, according to different authorities.

200.

DECLENSION OF CARDINALS.

1, f 2 (duo, dúo), f♬ 3 (tres, тpeîs, τpía), ◄ 4 (quatuor), are declined in three genders.

ekas; Dat. m.

Teka, ‘one' (no dual), follows the declension of the pronominals at 237: Nom. m. ekasmai; Nom. f. eká; Dat. f. ekasyai; Nom. n. vekam; Nom. pl. m. eke, ‘some.' It may take the suffixes tara and tama; thus, eka-tara, 'one of two;' eka-tama, 'one of many;' which also follow the declension of pronominals; see 236, 238.

201. få dvi, ‘two' (dual only), is dva, like siva; thus, N. Ac. V. m.

m. f. n. द्वाभ्याम्; G. L. द्वयोस्.

declined as if the stem were

dvau, f. n. ✯ dve; I. D. Ab.

202. fa tri, 'three' (pl. only), is declined in the masculine like

the plural of nouns whose stems end in i at 110, except in Gen.; thus, N. V. masc. aयस् ; Ac. वीन्; I विभिस्; D. Ab. त्रिभ्यस्; G. तयाग्राम् (Ved. वीणाम्); L. विषु. The feminine forms its cases from a stem तिसृ ; thus, N. Ac. V. fem. तिस्रस्; I. तिसृभिस्; D. Ab. तिसृभ्यस् ; G. faqura; L. frqg. The N. Ac. V. neut. is affu; the rest like masc. 203.catur, four' (plural only), is thus declined: N. V. masc. चत्वारस् (TÉTTapes, réorapes ) ; Ac. चतुरस्; I. चतुर्भिस् ; D. Ab. चतुर्म्यस्; G. चतुर्णाम्; L. चतुर्षु N. Ac. V. fem. चतस्रस्; I. चतसृभिस्; D. Ab. चतसृभ्यस्; G. चतसृणाम् ; L. चतसृषु N. Ac. V. neut. चत्वारि ; the rest like the masculine.

a. In éatur, shash, pañćan, &c., an augment n is inserted before ám, the termination of Gen., by Páṇ. vII. I, 55.

204. pantan, 'five' (plural only), is the same for masc., fem., and neut. It is declined in I. D. Ab. L. like nouns in an (146). The Gen. lengthens the penultimate; thus, N. Ac. V. q¤ (tévte) ; I. पञ्चभिस् ; D. Ab. पञ्चभ्यस्; G. पञ्चानाम्; L. पञ्चसु.

'ten' (decem, déxa),

Like पञ्चन् are declined, सप्तन् ' seven ' ( septem, ETTá), नवन् 'nine' (novem), ‘eleven' (undecim), FINI 'twelve' (duodecim), and all other numerals ending in an, excepting अष्टन् ‘eight.’

205.shash, six,' is the same for masc., fem., and neut., and is thus declined : N. Ac. V. पट्; I षभिस्; D. Ab. षड्भ्यस्; G. मणाम् shannám (43.f); L. g.

षट्सु.

a. Similarly without distinction of gender, we ashṭan, 'eight:' N. Ac. V. wet or wg (octo, oxтú); I. weifery or weŵry; D. Ab. wynag or अष्टभ्यस् ; G. अष्टानाम् ; L. अष्टासु or अष्टसु.

to

शत

b. The numerals from five' to nineteen' have no distinction of gender, but agree in number and case with the nouns to which they are joined; thus, for ardfa: ‘by five women.' 206. All the remaining cardinal numbers, from fagfa‘nineteen' a hundred,' 'a thousand,' and upwards, may be declined in the singular, even when joined with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural. Those ending in fa ti are feminine, and declined like af♬ mati at 112; and those in are also feminine, and declined like सरित् sarit at 136; thus, विंशत्या पुरुषै: ' by twenty men ;' विंशतिं नरान् acc. pl. ‘twenty men ;' विंशता पुरुषै: ' by thirty men ;' विंशतं 'a hundred' and 'a thousand'

acc. pl. thirty men.'

and all the higher numbers are declined according to their final

R

vowels, whether a, á, i, í, or u; thus, fc: 'a hundred ancestors;' शतात् पितृभ्य: ' from a hundred ancestors ;' एकाधिकशतं पितर: ' a hundred and one ancestors ;' सहस्रेण पितृभि: ' with a thousand ancestors;' प्रयुतं : a million men;' : 'with ten million men,' &c. 207. Although these numerals, from faf nineteen,' when joined with plural nouns, may be declined in the singular, yet they may take a dual or plural when used alone and in particular constructions; as, fast two twenties;' fast ' two thirties;' विंशतस् ' many thirties;' शते 'two hundred ;' शतानि ' hundreds;' सहस्राणि 'thousands;' ' sixty thousand sons,' षष्टिः पुत्रसहस्राणि. The things numbered are often put in the genitive; thus, gà cuiala 'two thousand chariots ;' सप्तशतानि नागानाम् ' seven hundred elephants ;' एकविंशतिः Utwenty-one arrows." See other examples in Syntax at 835

208. The ordinals are,

'second' (deÚTepo-s);

ORDINALS.

'first'* (cf. πρŵтos, primus); fanta 'third' (tertiu-s); which three are all declined like siva and subha at 187; but the first may optionally follow sarva at 237 in N. V. pl. m. (¤¤à ( प्रथमे or प्रथमास् ) ; and the other two the pronominals at 237, 238 in D. Ab. L. sing. m. f. n.; thus, D. fantum or fantara m. n., fantud or fantur f. See also 239. 209. चतुर्थ ‘fourth '+ ( rérapros ) ; पश्चम 'fifth ;' षष्ठ ' sixth ;' सप्तम 'seventh' (septimus); ‘eighth;' 7'ninth' (nonus); ‘tenth' (decimus); declined like siva and subha for masc. and neut., and like nadi at 105 for feminine; thus, Nom. m., f. aguf. (In

&c. the old superlative suffix ma may be noted.)

210. The ordinals from 'eleventh' to 'nineteenth' are formed from the cardinals by rejecting the final n; thus, from eleven,' एकादश ‘eleventh’ (Nom. m. f. n. एकादशस्, -शी, -शम्, 103, 105, 104).

211. Twentieth,' 'thirtieth," "fortieth,' and 'fiftieth' are formed either by adding the superlative suffix tama (195) to the cardinal, or by rejecting the final syllable or letter of the cardinal; as, from विंशति ' twenty,' विंशतितम or विंश ' twentieth' (Nom. m.f.n. -मस्, मी, -मम्; -शस्, -शी, शम्, 103, 105, 104 ). Similarly, त्रिंशत्तम or त्रिंश 'thir · पञ्चाशत्तम पञ्चाश tieth,' or 'fiftieth,' &c. The intermediate ordinals are formed by prefixing the numeral, as in the cardinals; thus, एकविंशतितम or एकविंश ' twenty-first, &c.

* Other adjectives may be used to express ‘first;' as, साद्यस्, -द्या, -द्यम्; आदिमस्, - मा, मम्; अग्रस्, ग्रा, ग्रम; अग्रिमस्, -मा, -मम्.

: + तुरीयस्, या, यम्; तुर्यस्, यी, यम् are also used for 'fourth.'

212. The other ordinals, from 'sixtieth' to 'ninetieth,' are formed by adding tama; also by changing ti to ta in the case of another numeral preceding, but not otherwise; thus, from afg‘sixty,' afenu 'sixtieth;' but for sixtieth' can only be used when another numeral precedes, as एकषष्ट or एकषष्टितम ' sixty-first,' विषष्ट or विषष्टितम 'sixty-third;' from f'ninety,' f'ninetieth;' but for 'ninetieth' can only be used when another numeral precedes (see Páņ. v. 2, 58).

213. 'Hundredth' and 'thousandth' are formed by adding tama to and , declinable in three genders; thus, ■■■‘hundredth’ (Nom. m. f. n. शततमस्, -मी, -मम् ). Similarly, सहस्रतमस्, -मी, -मम्,

'thousandth.'

214. The aggregation of two or more numbers is expressed by modifications of the ordinal numbers; thus, इयम् 'a duad,' त्रयम् 'a triad,' चतुष्टयम् 'the aggregate

of four.'

215. There are a few adverbial numerals; as, 'thrice,'

'four times.'

similar signification; as,

be used adverbially; as,

once,' fa‘twice,' fa̸ë

may be added to cardinal numbers, with a five times.' The neuter of the ordinals may in the first place."

For a table of the numerical symbols see page 3.

CHAPTER V.

PRONOUNS.

In the 1st personal pronoun, the stem of ah in Nom., and in the

oblique cases ■ ma.

216. PRONOUNS (sarva-náman) have no one stem equally applicable to all the cases. the sing. is practically In the 2nd, the stem of the sing. is practically that of the dual and plural is gyu. The 3rd has of the Nom. sing., and a ta for the other cases.

tva or tu, while

sa for the stem

217. Nevertheless the form of the pronoun used in derivative and compound words is regarded by grammarians as expressive of its most general and comprehensive state, and this in the pronouns of the first and second persons, corresponds with the Ablative cases, singular and plural, and in the other pronouns, with the Nominative and Accusative cases singular neuter.