History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the early medieval period

12th century Abraham academy according Aggada Akiva amoraim ancient apostate Arab Aramaic Asia Babylon Babylonian Baghdad became biblical bishop Byzantine Byzantium Caliph Christ Christian chronicler church commentaries Cordova countries court crusaders death decree Diaspora divine Egypt emperor epoch Europe exilarch Ezra faith father Fatimides festival Galilee Gamaliel Gaon Gaonim Geschichte Greek Halakha Hasdai Hebrew hegemony heterodox holy Islam Israel Italy Jabneh Jerusalem Jewish Jewish communities Jews Johanan Joseph Judah Ha-Nasi Judaism Judea Karaites Khazars king kingdom land later leaders legend literature lived Maimonides Mainz Messiah Midrash Mishnah Mohammed Moses Moslem Narbonne Nasi numerous pagan Palestine patriarch persecutions Persian poet political Pope prayer prophet provinces Pumbadetha Rabbi Rabbi Akiva reign religion religious Roman Rome rulers Saadyah Sabbath Samuel Sanhedrin scholars slaves Spain spiritual synagogue synod Syria Talmud Talmudists tannaim taxes Temple Tiberias tion Torah tractate uprising