§ 34.--Whether.

A.S., "hwaether." It is the pronoun "who" with the old comparative suffix, "ther." It is used as(a) Interrogative pronoun, meaning "which of the two" (Latin "uter"); e.g.,

1. Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?-2. Whether of them twain did the will of his father?

(b) Relative pronoun: e.g., (which of the two) he will.”

"Let him take whether

(c) Conjunction, when followed by "or" as its correlative: e.g., "I know not whether he walks or rides."

§ 35.-Which.

A.S., "hwile," a compound of "hwa" and "lic," meaning "like what." It is used as

(a) Interrogative pronoun, requiring a definite answer e.g., "Which spoke?"

"The

(b) Relative pronoun, when the antecedent is an inferior animal or an inanimate object: e.g., horse which he rode is now lame."

(c) Adjective: e.g., "He remembered his early friend, which friend was his ruin.”

GLOSSARY.

Gr. denotes Greek, Fr. French; the other derivations are Latin. Abbreviation (ab from, brevis short), a shortening.

Ablative (auferre, to take away), a case of Latin nouns so called from one of its uses-departure.

Absolute (absolvere, to release), released from government : independent as to syntax.

Abstract (abstrahere, to draw from), expressive of a quality, state, or action conceived apart from an object.

Accusative (accusare, to accuse), a case of Latin nouns, so called because the accused is the object of prosecution. It corresponds to the English objective after a transitive verb. Active (agere, to do), expresses "doing."

Address (Fr. addresser, to address), verbal application to anyone.
Adjective (adjicere, to throw to), thrown to or added to a noun.
Adverb (ad to, verbum the word), joined to a verb to modify it.
Analogy (Gr. analogia), similarity, conformity.
Anomaly (Gr. a not, omalos even), irregularity.

Antecedent (antecedere, to go before), that which goes before. Apposition (apponere, to place beside), a relation between two nouns or a noun and pronoun referring to the same thing. Article (articulus, a joint), a part of speech always joined to a noun to limit its signification.

Attraction (attrahere, to draw to), a figure of syntax, by which one word is drawn into the case, &c., of another.

Attribute (attribuere, to assign), an adjective or other word assigned to qualify a substantive.

Auxiliary (auxilium, help), helping to form a compound verb. Cardinal (cardo, a hinge), expresses number absolutely. Case (cadere, to fall), the form given to a noun or pronoun to show the relation in which it stands to some other word in the sentence. Case means 66 a falling." Grammarians represented that form the noun takes when it is the subject of a sentence, by an upright line, and likened the other forms to lines falling away from the perpendicular at various angles. The nominative was called the upright case (casus rectus), and the others (except the vocative) oblique cases (casus obliqui).

Classic (classis, a rank), belonging to the highest class or rank. Clause (claudere, to close), a simple sentence enclosed as part of a compound sentence: any subordinate sentence.

Collective (colligere, to gather together), expresses several objects united together so as to form one whole.

Common (communis), belonging to one as well as another : hence, com. noun, com. gender.

Comparative (comparare, to bring together), expresses a difference in degree between the qualities of two things brought together.

Compound (componere, to put together), formed by the putting together of two or more words.

Concrete (con together, crescere to grow), not abstract, united to

a noun.

Concord (concordia, agreement), agreement of one word with another.

Conditional (conditio, a condition), dependent.

Conjugation (conjugare, to yoke together), the flexion of verbs. Conjunction (conjungere, to unite), that which joins other words.

Copulative (copulare, to couple), conjunctions which unite the meaning of two sentences. A class of verbs is called copulative, because they take the same case after them as before them.

Correlative (con together, relatus related), related to one another. Fronouns and particles which correspond in their several classes are called correlatives.

Dative (dare, to give), a case of Latin nouns generally denoting the recipient of a gift.

Defective (deficere, to fail), wanting some forms.

Definite (definire to limit), laying down the exact limits. Degree (Fr. degré, L. gradus, a step), a step in advancement; in adjectives, expresses more and most of the quality. Demonstrative (demonstrare, to point out), pointing out. Disjunctive (disjungere, to disjoin), conjunctions which disunite the meaning of two sentences.

Distinguishing (distinguere, to separate), marking the difference, discerning the separation of an object from others of the same class.

Ellipsis (Gr. elleipein, to leave out), a figure of syntax by which something is left out.

Etymology (Gr. etymologia), an account of the origin and derivation of words; also of their classification and inflexions.

Exclamatory (exclamare, to cry out), abrupt in expression. Expression (exprimere, to press out), an uttered or written form in which a thought is conveyed.

Factitive (facere, to make), expresses "making."

Feminine (femina, a woman), applied to words denoting the female sex.

Figure (fingere, to fashion), a grammatical term for a form or fashion which deviates from ordinary use, as Ellipsis, Attraction, Personification, &c.

Future (futurus, about to be), a tense denoting that which is to come in time after the present.

Gender (genus, kind), a distinction of nouns expressive of sex. Genitive (genitus, begotten), a case of Latin nouns denoting the source, or possessor of something.

Gerund (gerere, to perform), the present participle used as a

noun.

Government (Fr. gouverner, to rule), the control one word has over the state of another.

Grammar (Gr. gramma, a letter), the science of language.

Idiom (Gr. idioma, peculiarity), a peculiar form of expression. Imperative (imperare, to command), expresses commanding or entreating.

Impersonal (in, not, persona, person), refers to verbs that cannot take a person as subject.

Indefinite, not definite.

Indicative (indicare, to show), expresses declaration or assertion.
Infinitive (infinitus, infinite), expresses action without limitation
of idea. The infinitive mood is virtually a noun.
Inflexion (inflectere, to bend), change in word-endings.
Interjection (interjicere, to throw between), an exclamatory word.
Interrogative (interrogare, to question), expresses questioning.
Intransitive, not transitive.

Irregular, not regular.

Limiting (limes, a boundary), determining or defining.
Masculine (masculus, a male), relating to the male sex.
Mood (modus, manner), the manner in which the action or
state expressed by the verb is conceived of.

Modify (modus, manner, facere to make), to show the manner of signification.

Negative (negare, to deny), expresses denial.

Neuter (neuter, neither), in gender, neither masculine nor feminine.

Nominative (nominare, to name), a case of nouns.
Noun (nomen, a name), the name of anything.

See Case.

Number (Fr. nombre: L. numerare, to count), a distinction in nouns according as they imply one or more objects of the class named.

Numeral (numerus, a number), representing number.

Object (objicere, to cast in the way), that which is affected by action.

Objective, a case governed by a transitive verb or preposition. Obsolete (obsolescere, to grow out of use), out of use.

Optative (optare, to wish), expresses wishing.

Ordinal (ordo, series), denotes number as forming part of a series.

Parse (pars, a part), to give an account of words as parts of speech.

Participle (partem capere, to take a share), a form which shares the functions of adjective and verb.

Particle (particula), a small part of speech.

Passive (pati, to suffer), shows that something is acted upon, and so suffers.

Perfect (perficere, to complete), completed.

Periphrasis (Gr. peri round, phrasis mode of speech), a circumlocution.

Person (persona, a character), a distinction of names as denoting the speaker, the one spoken to, and the one spoken of. Personify (persona a character, and facere to make), to speak of inanimate objects as if they were persons.

Phrase (Gr. phrasis), a combination of words, containing a notion, but not forming a clause.

Plural (plus, more), expresses more than one individual of a class.

Pluperfect (plus quam perfectum, more than perfect), expresses action finished before some past time.

Positive (ponere, to place), expresses simple quality.

Possessive (possidere, to possess), the case of the noun denoting the source or possessor, corresponding to the Latin genitive. Potential (posse, to be able), the mood of a verb which expresses power, possibility, &c.

Predicate (prædicare, to declare), that part of a sentence by which something is declared of the subject.

Preposition (præponere, to place before), a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word.