PART III. WORDS NOT EASILY CLASSIFIED. $1.-About. "About" is from A.S. "abutan." It is used as :(a) Preposition, when it governs a noun: e.g., "He walked about the room." (b) Adverb, when it modifies a verb or adjective: e.g., "He rushed about like a madman"; "About fifty men answered the call." § 2.-All. "All is from A.S. "eal." It is used as : (a) Adjective, when joined to a noun expressed or understood. When the noun is not expressed, it is by some called an indefinite pronoun: e.g., 1. All the men were dismissed.-2. All agreed to follow the leader's counsel.-3. I was all ear. (b) Noun, in the sense of "the whole," "everything" e.g., 1. He rules the great terrestrial all.-2. All is vacancy till you step on the opposite shore.-3. That was all he wanted. (c) Adverb, when it means "quite," "wholly," "completely": e.g., 1. And there lay the steed, with his nostril all wide. 3. All along the crowded ranks Horses neigh and armour clanks. 4. A damsel lay deploring, All on a rock reclined. 5. There I suck the liquid air, In this case, "6 noun, as "nature,' all may also be called an indef. pron.; or even some ," "the scene," &c., may be supplied. "Another" is from A.S. "an," "one," and "other," and means one other." It is used as : (a) Adjective when joined to a noun expressed or understood. When the noun is understood, it is by some called an indefinite pronoun. 1. Let another take his office.-2. Another foe was defeated. (b) Noun, when it has the sign of the possessive: e.g., "Teach me to feel another's woe." § 4.-As. "As" is an Anglo-Saxon word, and, according to Tooke, always means the same as "it," "that," or "which." แ It seems to be a contraction of also " (A.S. "aelswa"). Its functions, according to modern grammarians, are the following: (a) Conjunction, when it joins sentences. Very frequently there is a long ellipsis. (See examples below.) (b) Adverb, when it modifies an attribute: e.g., "As clearly," "as useful.” (c) Relative pronoun: e.g., "The man as rides to market." This is merely a vulgarism for "The man who rides to market." When "as" follows such words as "such," "the same," "so," or "as," it is often called a relative; it is, however, merely a conjunction, as can be shown by supplying the ellipsis. (In these examples 66 EXAMPLES. as "retains its true character, that of a conjunction.) 1. Give such payment as1 will reward him liberally.-2. We, as* men, are prone to err.-3. I defer to Tully, as3 to a learned man. 4. As for this man, I do not believe him.-5. As to this case, there is little to say.-6. As to these charges, I shall say nothing.-7. They will keep only such other cattle as are necessary.-8. We are such stuff ass dreams are made of.-9. Scott is inferior as a poet.-10. They are considered as10 aliens.-11. Such as11 were admitted were gratified.-12. He is not alarmed so far as12 to consider how much nearer he approaches his end -13. As13 regards the result, I have nothing to say.-14. He is, as14 it were, trumpet-tongued.-15. Will you be so good as15 to take the will for the deed.-16. The conditions are as16 follow.-17. All things in heaven and earth do her (Law) homage: the very least, as17 feeling her care, and the greatest as not exempted from her power-18. The arguments were as18 follow.-19. The arguments were as19 follows.20. As20 for those who show their inclinations by writing, there is one consideration worthy of notice.-21. Perhaps there is no situation the human mind can be placed in so difficult and so trying as21 where it is made the judge in its own cause. 22. A long, low, distant murmur of dread sound, 1 As the payment is which will reward. 2 As we are men. 3 As I should 5 As it relates defer to a learned man. As the case stands for this man. As he is a poet. 10 As aliens are "As to this case. 6 As it relates to these charges. 7 As the cattle are which are necessary. 8 As the stuff is which dreams are made of. As" here means "in as far as, "to the extent that." considered. 11 Such persons as those persons are who were admitted. 12 As a person is alarmed who has begun to consider. 13 As it regards. regards" = regarding, concerning. "It" is equivalent to a preposition. 14 As if it were. 15 As a person is good who is willing to take. 16 As they follow. 17 The very least, as it is a thing feeling her care, and the greatest, as it is a thing not exempted from her power. 18" Such as those are which follow;" or, "The same as those are which follow;" or, "As they follow." 19" Such as that is which follows;" or, "The same as that is which follows;" or, "As it follows." 20 As the case stands for those. 21 As the situation is where it is made, &c. 22 Such as the sound is which arises. § 5.-Bed. "Bed" is from A.S. " beddian," to strew. It is used as (a) Noun: e.g., "The children have gone to bed." Verb, in rare cases: e.g., Early to bed, and early to rise, Is the way to be healthy, and wealthy, and wise. § 6. Besides. "Besides " =by the side. The distinction between "beside" and "besides is somewhat analogous to that between "your" and "yours "—that is, "beside" is usually followed by its object, while that of "besides" is generally understood. This rule is, however, by no means universal. "Besides" is variously classed as: (a) Preposition, when it governs a case: e.g., 1. That is more than the English do by all the world besides.1 2. Hast thou here any besides2 ?-3. Besides instruction and exhortation there are but two ways or means more.-4. I ask no rewards besides the eternal remembrance of this day.-5. Nobody thinks so besides myself.-6. Besides his bread he has wine.-7. Is there not here a prophet of the Lord besides3? 66 (b) Adverb, when it means moreover or "also: " "Besides I never saw him." e.g., (c) Conjunction, when it introduces a sentence, as in the example last cited. It appears, however, to be an adverb there, as in every case where it is called a conjunction. 4 1 Besides themselves. Besides these. 3 Besides these prophets. "Besides" may even here be called a prep. : "besides this circumstance." § 7.-Both. "two "Both" is the A.S. "batwa," which means two," ie., "two taken together," and thus differs from the simple "two." It is used as— (a) Definite numeral adjective: e.g., 1. Both sides were represented.-2. Both1 the preceding kinds are called burlesque. (b) Adjective pronoun, when it stands as a numeral without a noun. It is more consistent to supply the noun and call "both," as before, a definite numeral adjective: e.g., "I have lost money and friends; I mourn the loss of both." (c) Conjunction, when it is followed by "and" as its correlative: e.g., 1. I both sent and wrote. 2. For now the thought Both of lost happiness and lasting pain 1 "Both the" is equivalent to "both of the." Some grammarians in this case parse "both" as a noun. (a) Conjunction, when it joins two sentences. together: e.g., 1. Richard was brave, but Leopold was crafty.-2. There was not one of all the thousand but1 was lost.-3. He does nothing but complain.-4. Those who do nothing but drink, and dance, and sing in the summer, must expect to starve in the winter.5. If I open my eyes on the light I cannot choose but3 see.-6. I cannot but warn you once more of the manifest destruction before your eyes.-7. O! but it is a romantic spot. (b) Preposition, when it means "except," "without:" e.g., 1. They will all come but him.-2. He had no master but nature and solitude. 3. By this the brides are waked, the grooms are dress'd; All but myself, the sole unbidden guest. (c) Adverb, when it means "only," "merely," "no more than :" e.g., 1. I dare thee but to breathe upon my love.-2. He ought to have but a short memory.-3. And their hearts beat but once, and for ever lay still.-4. Fling but a stone, the giant dies.-5. Strike! and but once !-6. He hath overcome but half his foe. |