22. Nine times the space25 that measures day and night To mortal men, he with his horrid crew

Lay vanquished.

1 From this life. 2 In every year. many days. In two months. afternoon. 10In next week.

3 In a day.

In a year.

B In

4 Over four miles. 8 For a fortnight. 9 On this

11 To me. 12 To which. 13 To three ounces. 14 To five yards. 15 In some years. 16 For twenty years. 17During all the year. 18 Over sixty miles. 19 On that day. 20 To six feet. 21 During seven years. 22 To five pennyweights and to six grains. 23 At a hundred times. 24 For a piece = for one piece. 25 For nine times of the space.

§ 16. She is a child six years old.

(1) “Old” is adj. of quality, qual. "child:" "years" is obj. case, governed by of understood.

(2) "Old" is adj. of quality, qual. "child:" "years" is obj. case, governed by by understood : "old by six years." This is inferior to the other method.

EXAMPLES.

1. The mason builds a wall ten feet high and two feet thick.-2. The Black Prince defeated an army sixty thousand strong.—3. The bather dived into water ten feet deep.-4. He ruled a kingdom four hundred miles square.-5. The shopkeeper has no more to do than to demand ten times the price of his goods.

CHAPTER III.

THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 1. To see is pleasant.

An adjective qualifies not only a noun, but also any word, phrase, or sentence equivalent to a noun. Here "pleasant" qualifies the infinitive "to see" (= seeing), which is really a verbal noun.

EXAMPLES.

1. To ride is more agreeable than to walk.-2. Greece, which had submitted to the arms, in her turn subdued the understandings of the Romans, and, contrary1 to that which in these cases commonly happens, the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the conquered.

The adj. "contrary" qualifies the sentence-" the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the conquered."

§ 2. To be blind is unfortunate.

"Blind qualifies person understood. But the whole phrase "To be blind" is equivalent to a noun in the nom. case to the verb "is." The construction is the same in the sentence, Being blind is un

fortunate."

EXAMPLES.

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1. Desire of being happy reigns in all hearts.-2. To be wise1 is desirable.-3. To be charitable is a trait in the Christian character.

§ 3. I will not destroy the city for twenty's sake. Adjectives are often used as nouns. It is frequently possible to supply some noun, but when the adjective takes the sign of the plural number or that of the possessive case, it must be parsed as a noun. Here twenty's" is a def. cardinal num. adj., used as a com. noun, com. gen., plu. num., 3rd per., poss. case, governed by the noun "sake."

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EXAMPLES.

1. Where much1 is given, much will be required.-2. Many are called, but few chosen.-3. The first shall be last.-4. He is the chief among ten thousand.-5. The good are happy.

1 Much advantage. 2 Much gratitude. 3 Chief man.

§ 4. The iron was red hot.

"Red" is an adj. used as an adv. of quality (degree), modifying the adj. "hot." Compare the sentence: "The iron was exceedingly hot."

EXAMPLES.

1. In came Squire Smith, stark,1 staring1 mad.-2. The wretch was roaring1 drunk.-3. Arthur was loving1 jealous.-4. His steed was bloody with spurring, fiery1 red with speed.

1 Adjectives used as adverbs.

§ 5. He fell ill.

(1) "Ill" is an adj. of quality, used as an adv. of quality (manner), modifying the verb "fell."

(2) "Ill" is by some parsed as an adj., qual. "he." This is inferior to the other method.

In all such cases consider whether the adjective describes the mode of the action, or is simply attributive to the subject.

EXAMPLES.

1. The lover looks pale.-2. Your hand feels cold.-3. The day grew warm.-4. Her smiles amid her blushes lovelier show.-5. Glows not her blush the fairer ?-6. How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!-7. The winds whistle cold, and the stars glimmer red.

§ 6.

(a) The three first books. (b) The first three books.

When we mean merely the books which are first, second, and third, without any reference to the number or arrangement of the other books, we say "the three first;" but, if we mean the first group of three, with reference to other groups of three, we say "the first three." Hence, in most cases, the correct form to use is "the three first;" although it is open to the objection that it seems to imply that " three can at one and the same time be "first."

§ 7. Both the men were there.

books

It

"Both is a def. num. adj., qual. "men.' precedes the article. The indefinite article is preceded by "what," "such," "many," and those adjectives which are modified by the adverbs "too," "how," "as," or "so." The definite article is preceded by "both," all," and double (in the sense of "twice"). These three words in this construction may be nouns with an ellipsis of the preposition "of."

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EXAMPLES.

1. All the people shouted, God save the king!--2. What a multitude assembled at the gates!-3. How great a crowd thronged the streets of the city.-4. Many a man has been drowned in that river.-5. Too great a pressure produced disastrous results.-6. So respectable a person as the doctor could not have acted thus.-7. He travelled double the distance. 8. He had disobliged both the parties.

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§ 8.-Many a day I was without food.

(1) "Many" is a distributive num. adj. qual. " day," 'many a day" being equivalent to “ many days."

(2) "Many a day" may be parsed as a collective

noun.

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(3) Many a day" may be regarded as an inversion of "a many of days." This is Tooke's view.

He considers "a" to be a corruption of the preposition of: Many a message" many of messages. the singular "day" unexplained.

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=

This leaves

On the whole, the first method is to be preferred. There can, however, be no doubt that "many" is, etymologically, a noun; hence also we say, "a great many."

EXAMPLES.

1. And many a hill did Lucy climb.-2. You, I know, have many a time sacrificed your own feelings to those of others.

3. Full1 many a gem of purest ray serene

The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower was born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

1 "Full,” an adj. used as an adv.

§ 9.-Every ten years the census is taken.

The distributive adjective "every" is here joined to a plural noun. This idiom arises from regarding "ten years as a single period of time. Hence we parse "every" as a distributive num. adj., qual. “ten years" taken as a whole.

EXAMPLES.

1. I have not seen Paris this ten years.-2. This tower was built some1 seventy years ago.-3. I have ventured this many summers on a sea of glory.

or,

1 "Some," indef. num. adj., qual. "seventy years" taken as a whole; better-"some," adv. (= about), mod. the adj. "seventy."

§ 10. The book is worth a crown.

"Worth" is an adj. of quality, pos. deg., qual. "Crown" "book," and is equivalent to "worthy." is in the obj. case, governed by of understood. The adjectives "worth," "like," near," 'nigh," and

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"next," are sometimes said to govern an objective case. According to Dr. Latham, "like" is the only